Here are a few key things to know about executive dysfunction:

• Symptoms often include trouble organizing, remembering instructions, staying on track, and following through with a task.
• It’s common in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 
• It can also be linked to other conditions, such as autism, depression, multiple sclerosis, and dementia.^[1]

If you have ADHD, you’ll likely notice problems with your executive function. But if you struggle with executive function, this does not necessarily mean you have ADHD. 

Keep reading to learn more about the relationship between adult ADHD and executive function disorder.

Originally published on January 24th, 2023, this post was updated and republished on September 1st, 2025.

What Is Executive Dysfunction?

Executive dysfunction is a range of behavioral symptoms that change how a person regulates their emotions, thoughts, and actions.

It is not a medical diagnosis. Instead, it describes the set of symptoms that occur when the brain’s role in controlling thoughts and actions is disrupted.

Executive dysfunction most commonly affects people with specific mental health conditions that affect the brain. These include ADHD, Tourette syndrome, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. People with brain injuries or brain tumors might also experience executive dysfunction.^[1]

You may have also heard of the term executive function disorder (EFD). While some people use it interchangeably with executive dysfunction, the two aren’t the same. 

Executive dysfunction refers to the symptoms themselves, like poor memory, difficulty focusing, or problems with planning. 

EFD, on the other hand, is sometimes used informally to describe this set of symptoms as a long-term disorder. However, it’s important to note that EFD is not an official medical diagnosis or distinct mental health condition.

Executive Dysfunction Symptoms

Symptoms of executive dysfunction can be categorized into several main areas. 

Planning and organization might be affected by executive dysfunction. Symptoms include:^[1][2]

• Struggling to plan ahead
• Issues with organizing activities or following a schedule
• Difficulty prioritizing and sequencing steps to complete a task
• Difficulty keeping personal belongings and documents organized
• Having a messy workspace

Cognitive and memory issues linked to executive dysfunction include:^[1][2]

• Losing or misplacing important items
• Forgetting key details or instructions
• Struggling to switch between tasks
• Difficulty multitasking
• Mentally rigid and/or inflexible

Time management can also be a problem. This can lead to:^[1][2]

• Failure to meet deadlines
• Being late to appointments, events, meetings, or social activities
• Procrastinating and having problems with motivation

Impulsivity in executive dysfunction might show up as:^[1][2]

• Making poor decisions without considering outcomes
• Engaging in risky behaviors
• Interrupting others
• Blurting out things without thinking

Emotional dysregulation can be linked to:^[3]

• Trouble processing, controlling, and regulating emotions
• Reacting inappropriately due to anger or frustration
• Difficulty coping with stress and anxiety

Someone experiencing executive dysfunction may show some or most of the signs above.

But say you only have trouble with one or two of them. If so, it’s unlikely that you have executive function disorder.

Having executive dysfunction symptoms can make it challenging to handle various tasks, such as organizing, planning, or managing your time.

This doesn’t mean that you aren’t smart or responsible. Your brain simply processes information differently.

What Are Executive Functions?

Executive functioning refers to mental processes and skills that help you prioritize, plan, organize, and adapt to reach a goal.

Executive functions are essential for accomplishing day-to-day objectives like cooking dinner or getting to work on time. They’re also crucial for long-term goals like finishing a degree or starting a business.

Executive functioning can be split into a few components. Here is a list and examples of how they’re used in daily life: 

• Working memory: Remembering the instructions given for a specific recipe and following through with it
• Inhibition control: Resisting the urge to check your phone during a meeting
• Set shifting: Switching from working on a task to answering a colleague’s question
• Planning and organizing: Planning out your work week so you can complete all your tasks on time
• Decision-making or reasoning: Weighing the pros and cons before making an expensive purchase
• Problem-solving: Figuring out an alternate route when your usual road to work is closed
• Time management: Estimating how long it will take for you to get ready so you can make it to your appointment on time

Let’s explore each one in more detail. 

Working Memory

Your working memory is a limited-capacity system that enables you to store and process information temporarily. It’s involved in the tasks you work on at any given moment.^[4]

It comes into play when you’re trying to process sentences in a conversation or recall digits like a phone number or a one-time password.

Working memory is also vital for high-level functions. You use it to store and process the information needed for planning, prioritizing, and organizing.

With an executive function disorder, you may find it difficult to remember dates and instructions or where you placed important items.

Inhibition Control

Inhibition control, also known as self-control or self-restraint, enables you to regulate your emotions, thoughts, and actions. It’s the ability to hold back a natural, automatic, or learned response that might not be appropriate in a given situation.^[1]

The following are some ways inhibition control works:

• Attentional: The ability to resist distractions around you and steer your focus onto tasks that will help achieve your goals.^[5]
• Behavioral: The ability to keep yourself from doing things you know you shouldn’t do. For instance, inhibitory control keeps you from blurting out something inappropriate or having a chocolate donut if you decide to go on a diet.
• Emotional: The ability to regulate your emotions, influencing how you behave and respond.

Set Shifting

Set shifting is another way of saying task switching.

This function falls back onto your working memory to remember instructions and details related to your current goal. It also involves inhibition control to prevent yourself from being distracted by other tasks.^[1]

Set shifting also involves flexible thinking and adapting to changing situations.

People with executive dysfunction may struggle with multitasking, problem-solving, and switching tasks. They may also seem rigid in their thinking.^[1]

Planning and Organizing

Planning is considered a higher-level executive function. These high-level functions rely on the basic components of executive functioning discussed above, such as working memory, task switching, and attention regulation.

Planning requires a person to break down their goals into smaller steps in the right order. It also utilizes your working memory, which stores the information needed to finish tasks.

With executive dysfunction, a person may not know where to start or what to do next. This can lead to procrastination or ADHD paralysis.

Decision-Making or Reasoning

Decision-making is another high-level executive function.

The brain needs to manage emotions, inhibit impulsive choices, and compare the possible rewards or outcomes of different decisions.^[6]

Problem-Solving

Finding solutions to problems requires various executive functions.

This includes being able to prioritize, control your attention, and manage your impulses. Some challenges will also require you to handle your emotions and manage your time well.

Time Management 

Time management is also a high-level executive function that requires varying skills. It involves prioritization and planning ahead. It also requires you to pace yourself, allocate your time wisely, and keep track of due dates.

Since ADHD can affect time management, many adult ADHDers find it challenging to be on time and meet deadlines.

Though executive dysfunction can pose a unique set of challenges, adults who receive proper support and treatment can often overcome them and reach their daily goals.

Causes & Risk Factors of Executive Dysfunction

Executive dysfunction doesn’t happen on its own. It’s usually linked to underlying conditions or external factors that affect how the brain regulates your thoughts and behaviors.

Some possible causes of executive dysfunction include:^[7][8]

• Neurodevelopmental conditions: These conditions alter how the brain develops. ADHD, autism, and learning disorders like dyslexia are all conditions that can cause executive function issues.
• Psychiatric conditions: These conditions affect your mental health. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. 
• Neurological or medical conditions: Neurological conditions change the way your brain and nervous system function. Executive dysfunction may be linked to dementia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. 
• Lifestyle and external factors: External factors like long-term stress, sleep disorders, and substance misuse can impact the way your brain functions. 

Researchers are still trying to understand the exact causes of executive dysfunction. But current evidence suggests that these few factors may contribute to its development.

Executive Dysfunction and ADHD

Many experts agree that executive function challenges represent some of the core ways ADHD affects a person.^[9]

If you have ADHD, you may notice that you struggle with problems related to executive functions, such as memory, attention, and organization.^[10]

Some overlaps between executive dysfunction and ADHD include:

• Getting distracted when completing tasks
• Struggling to organize a schedule, activities, and work materials
• Forgetting important dates, meetings, or appointments
• Showing up late to meetings and appointments
• Losing essential items needed for work or daily activities
• Lacking the motivation to do certain tasks

A person with ADHD will likely experience some or more of the above symptoms.

Is Executive Dysfunction a Symptom of ADHD?

Executive dysfunction is not an official symptom of ADHD. However, if you experience signs of executive dysfunction, this may suggest that you have ADHD or another medical condition, such as autism.

And though they overlap in many ways, executive function disorder does not refer to ADHD, and vice versa.

There are various differences between these terms.

For instance, ADHD is an official diagnosis that a specialist can make. Meanwhile, executive function disorder isn’t a stand-alone diagnosis – it can be caused by many conditions.

Other differences between the two include how they’re detected and managed.

For example, ADHD appears in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), a globally recognized guide that helps mental health professionals make more accurate diagnoses.

In the DSM-5, ADHD is considered an official medical disorder with a specified set of criteria a person needs to meet to be diagnosed. In contrast, executive function disorder is not in the DSM-5.

Executive Function Diagnosis

Since executive function disorder isn’t a stand-alone medical condition, you cannot get a diagnosis for it. However, your doctor can investigate to find out the underlying cause behind it. They may also assess its severity and how significantly your daily life is impacted by any executive dysfunction.

Your specialist may ask you about the symptoms you experience, specifically around planning, organization, multitasking, problem-solving, impulsivity, or focus.^[1]

Apart from that, your specialist may also carry out executive functioning tests that assess specific skills like working memory or inhibition control.

For instance, the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) can be used to evaluate the executive functioning of adults over a period of time.^[11]

Executive Function Therapy and Other Treatments

The type of treatment recommended for executive dysfunction depends on its underlying cause. It’s important that you consult a mental health specialist who can recommend a management plan that suits you best.

Some possible management options include: 

• Getting treated for ADHD if you have the condition: Getting treated often improves executive functioning. Your specialist may recommend stimulant or non-stimulant medications for ADHD, depending on your medical history and symptoms.
• ADHD coaching: You can work with an ADHD coach to develop personalized strategies to improve focus, organization, time management, and emotional regulation. 
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is a form of therapy that empowers you to identify unhealthy thinking patterns and habits and replace them with helpful ones that get you closer to your goals. This can improve your time management, planning, and organizational skills.^[12]
• Lifestyle adjustments: Examples of these lifestyle changes include exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, maintaining a balanced diet, and managing stress. These can help support executive functioning.

If you’re unsure of the underlying cause, it’s essential to speak with a doctor about your symptoms to receive an accurate diagnosis. This enables them to create a tailored management plan to address the root cause.

Self-Help Strategies for Executive Dysfunction

Here are some practical strategies, tools, and habits that can help you manage executive dysfunction in daily life:

• Use planners, calendars, or digital apps to keep track of deadlines and appointments
• Start a to-do list with a digital app or physical journal
• Use the traffic light system to prioritise tasks (i.e., red = urgent, green = non-urgent)
• Break large projects into smaller, manageable goals
• Keep a notepad on your desk to jot down unrelated thoughts and return to them after finishing your task
• Set digital alarms or reminders for crucial events
• Build a daily routine for key parts of your day
• Designate specific spots at home and work for essential items
• Take shorter but more frequent breaks to prevent burnout and maintain focus
• Request written instructions for complex tasks
• Keep trackers or Airtags on important belongings 
• Set digital reminders or alarms for crucial events
• Automate bill payments to ensure they get paid on time

You don’t need to start using all of these strategies at once. Choose two or three that you think will be most effective for you, and implement them in your daily life. 

Once they become habits, you can gradually add more modifications to improve your workflow, focus, and memory.

Executive Function Challenges And ADHD Go Hand-In-Hand

If you’ve been diagnosed with ADHD, you don’t have to give up on your goals. The right support and treatment can help you improve your life skills – like getting organized, planning for the future, and focusing on what matters.

You can talk to your doctor about current medication plans or the possibility of getting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). An adult ADHD coach can also help you improve specific areas, such as time management and prioritization.

Understanding the unique ways your ADHD brain works, you can experiment with new approaches to organizing your life. Simple strategies and tools can help you get things done and stay on track.

With a proper management plan, you’ll set yourself up for success in your career, academics, and relationships!

If you aren’t sure whether ADHD is responsible for your executive function challenges, take the ADDA Adult ADHD test. This questionnaire provides a better understanding of ADHD and can give you the confidence to take the next step – to speak to your doctor about diagnosis and treatment.

Getting Help for ADHD Executive Dysfunction

Medications, therapy, and ADHD coaching can make a significant difference for adult ADHDers with executive dysfunction. 

You can also incorporate practical strategies into your day-to-day to help with these symptoms. Examples include having a daily schedule or to-do list. 

If you’re looking for resources on other practical ways you can manage executive dysfunction in ADHD, check out ADDA+. 

This online platform provides access to expert-led materials, courses, and webinars on managing the symptoms of adult ADHD. It also allows you to connect with other ADHDers who can offer advice and tips on improving your focus, memory, and planning skills. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is executive functioning in ADHD?

Executive dysfunction in ADHD refers to the set of symptoms an ADHDer has because of a disruption in their ability to regulate their thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. This can lead to symptoms like poor memory, low motivation, lack of focus, and trouble planning and organizing. 

What causes executive dysfunction?

Scientists and experts are not entirely sure of the cause of executive dysfunction. It’s important to note that having symptoms of executive dysfunction does not mean that you have ADHD. While it might be a sign of ADHD, it is also commonly linked to other conditions like autism, depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or traumatic brain injury.^[1]

What are the symptoms of executive dysfunction disorder?

Symptoms of executive dysfunction include poor organizational and planning skills, lack of focus, and difficulty remembering details. Additionally, symptoms may include impulsive decision-making and difficulty with task-switching and multitasking. Individuals may also have trouble regulating their emotions and finding the motivation to get things done. 

What is the 30% rule for ADHD?

The 30% rule estimates the delay ADHDers may experience in developing their executive function skills compared to peers of the same age. It suggests that those with ADHD may be around 30% behind their peers without the condition. While this isn’t scientifically proven to be true, it can give people a better idea of the executive challenges faced by those with ADHD. 

References

[1] Martínez-Pernía, D., Olavarría, L., Fernández-Manjón, B., Cabello, V., Henríquez, F., Robert, P., Alvarado, L., Barría, S., Antivilo, A., Velasquez, J., Cerda, M., Farías, G., Torralva, T., Ibáñez, A., Parra, M. A., Gilbert, S., & Slachevsky, A. (2023). The limitations and challenges in the assessment of executive dysfunction associated with real-world functioning: The opportunity of serious games. Applied neuropsychology. Adult, 1–17. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2023.2174438

[2] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[3] Rodas, J. A., Leon-Rojas, J., & Rooney, B. (2024). Mind over mood: exploring the executive function’s role in downregulation. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1322055. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322055

[4] Hartley, T., & Hitch, G. (2022, October 19). Working Memory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Retrieved 28 Nov. 2024, from https://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-768. 

[5] van Moorselaar, D., & Slagter, H. A. (2020). Inhibition in selective attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464(1), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14304

[6] Colautti, L., Antonietti, A., & Iannello, P. (2022). Executive Functions in Decision Making under Ambiguity and Risk in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review Adopting the Hot and Cold Executive Functions Perspective. Brain sciences, 12(10), 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101335

[7] Otterman, D. L., Koopman-Verhoeff, M. E., White, T. J., Tiemeier, H., Bolhuis, K., & Jansen, P. W. (2019). Executive functioning and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood: a prospective population-based study. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 13, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0299-7

[8] Kraft, B., Bø, R., Jonassen, R., Heeren, A., Ulset, V. S., Stiles, T. C., & Landrø, N. I. (2023). The Association between Depression Symptoms and Reduced Executive Functioning Is Primarily Linked by Fatigue. Psychiatry Research Communications, 3(2), 100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycom.2023.100120

[9] Roselló, B., Berenguer, C., Baixauli, I., Mira, Á., Martinez-Raga, J., & Miranda, A. (2020). Empirical examination of executive functioning, ADHD associated behaviors, and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD, remittent ADHD, and without ADHD. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02542-y

[10] Silverstein, M. J., Faraone, S. V., Leon, T. L., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Adler, L. A. (2020). The Relationship Between Executive Function Deficits and DSM-5-Defined ADHD Symptoms. Journal of attention disorders, 24(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718804347

[11] Kamradt, J. M., Nikolas, M. A., Burns, G. L., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2021). Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS): Validation in a Large Multisite College Sample. Assessment, 28(3), 964–976. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119869823

[12] William, S., Horrocks, M., Richmond, J., Hall, C. L., & French, B. (2024). Experience of CBT in adults with ADHD: a mixed methods study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1341624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1341624

The post Executive Function Disorder & ADHD: Their Differences & How They Tie Together appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Whether or not ADHD was diagnosed during childhood, it can pose different challenges during adulthood. Symptoms can affect more aspects of your life, such as personal relationships, work, and emotions.

Without treatment and support, ADHD can cause people to struggle with career goals, memory loss, and daily tasks at work and home.

Recognizing signs of ADHD is the first step toward real change. Knowing the facts empowers you to seek the professional help you may need to overcome challenges and thrive.

Read on to discover some of the main signs and symptoms of ADHD in adults.

While many people will experience these issues at some point, ADHD means a persistent pattern (at least six months) of behavior that interferes with your ability to function. 

Originally published on October 11th, 2022, this article was updated and republished on June 16, 2025.

What Is ADHD?

ADHD, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, is a form of neurodivergence that affects how the brain works. In adults, it typically involves a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.^[1]

About 5% of adults are estimated to have ADHD.^[2] While the symptoms may appear differently in adults, the impact on daily life is just as real. Adults with ADHD often struggle in various areas, including focus, memory, time management, and organization. 

If you experience these challenges, it doesn’t mean you’re lazy, irresponsible, or unmotivated. It simply shows that your brain is wired differently.

Understanding your symptoms and how your brain works is the first step toward finding the right strategies and support. With this, you can learn to harness your strengths and work with your ADHD, not against it.

Types of ADHD

The symptoms of ADHD can look different from person to person, depending on the type of ADHD they have or their subtype.

In general, there are three main subtypes of ADHD:

1. Predominantly inattentive ADHD
2. Predominantly hyperactive or impulsive ADHD
3. Combined type ADHD

Let’s explore each subtype in more detail.

Inattentive Type ADHD

Adults with inattentive type ADHD have more difficulty with their focus, attention, and memory.

This is the most common subtype in adults.^[2]

These individuals are more likely to notice the following:^[3]

• Having trouble organizing their documents or belongings
• Losing focus quickly when working on boring tasks
• Having many distracting and unrelated thoughts
• Avoiding tasks that require them to stay focused
• Getting distracted in conversations
• Struggling with time management
• Forgetting to do an errand or task
• Overlooking important details
• Making careless mistakes
• Misplacing important items

You may be diagnosed with inattentive type ADHD if you experience six or more of the above symptoms for six months or longer.^[3]

Hyperactive/Impulsive Type ADHD

Someone with hyperactive or impulsive type ADHD is more likely to struggle with symptoms linked to restlessness and poorer impulse control.

This is the second most common type of ADHD in adults.^[2]

It comes in second after inattentive ADHD because symptoms of inattention are more likely to persist into adulthood compared to symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity.^[1]

Individuals with this form of ADHD may notice the following:^[3]

• Constantly leaving their seat when expected to stay seated
• Blurting out answers before the question is completed
• Fidgeting and moving about when seated
• Cutting into other people’s conversations
• Having trouble waiting their turn in line
• Taking over other people’s activities
• Often feeling restless
• Interrupting others
• Talking excessively
• Always on the go

A diagnosis for this type of ADHD may be made if you have six or more of the above symptoms for at least six months.^[3]

Combined Type ADHD

A person who persistently struggles with both symptoms of inattention and symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity has combined type ADHD.

This is the least common kind of ADHD in adults.^[2]

You may be diagnosed with combined type ADHD if you have six or more symptoms of inattentive ADHD and six or more symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD.^[3]

ADHD can look very different from one person to another, even if they have the same subtype of ADHD.

This is why it’s important to personalize your treatment, therapy, and coping strategies based on your symptoms.

10 Signs of Adult ADHD

Individuals with inattentive ADHD are more likely to experience the following symptoms:

1. Trouble Focusing or Paying Attention

People with ADHD may lack control over what they focus on and have difficulty concentrating.

You may notice the following:^[3]

• Easily distracted
• Daydreaming
• Zoning out during conversations
• Overlooking instructions and details
• Unable to finish projects or tasks on time

Another symptom of ADHD is a tendency to hyperfocus on projects you find exciting and interesting. In this state, you may be unable to turn your attention toward other important tasks or people in your life.^[4]

2. Losing Things Frequently

Storing, organizing, or keeping track of belongings can be troublesome for those with ADHD.

This can involve:

• Misplacing everyday items (i.e., car keys or wallet) while the brain is on autopilot
• Losing track of where an item is placed after a moment of inattention
• Constantly retracing steps to find lost items
• Storing things in the wrong places (i.e., work papers in your car, dirty dishes in the bedroom).

3. Chronic Lateness and Poor Time Management

Due to poor time management, adults with ADHD often run late for meetings, appointments, or social plans.

Reasons include:

• Unable to find required items (car keys, wallet, meeting notes, etc.)
• Forgetting dates and times
• Underestimating the time needed to complete tasks, also known as ADHD time blindness
• Getting distracted while preparing for an appointment or event

4. Impulsivity and Risk-Taking

Research shows that adults with ADHD are more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior (RTB).^[5] These behaviors may involve the following:

• Starting arguments or fights
• Overspending
• Reckless driving
• Substance use (alcohol or drugs)
• Risky sex-related decisions (i.e., unprotected sex)
• Gambling
• Impulsive eating

By seeking help and support, you can proactively reduce your chances of involvement in these activities.

5. Difficulty Listening and Following Instructions

Social interactions may feel like a challenge if you have ADHD. You may struggle with: ^[3]

• Waiting for your turn to speak
• Staying on topic
• Keeping track of the conversation
• Using non-verbal cues to show active listening
• Talking too fast
• Speaking too much
• Blurting out words that make others uncomfortable
• Unable to read other people’s body language

6. Struggles with Prioritizing Tasks

Adults with ADHD are almost always occupied. However, deciding which task to prioritize can be a challenge.

You may struggle with prioritization for any of the following reasons:

• Feeling like you have too much to do (which can overwhelm you, even get you into a state of ADHD paralysis)
• All tasks feel equally important
• Difficulty thinking ahead – you underestimate deadlines
• Seeking novelty over familiar tasks that may be more significant and relevant

Adults with ADHD also tend to procrastinate on tasks that require more focus and attention, leading to missed deadlines and workplace issues.

7. Relationship Struggles and Communication Issues

Problems in relationships with friends, colleagues, family, or partners are another common issue for adults with ADHD.

There are several reasons why symptoms of ADHD can cause tension, anger, and frustration.

Some ADHD traits that may lead to relationship strains include:

• Speaking over the other person
• Not actively listening to the other person
• Forgetting important events and dates (like birthdays)
• Blurting out hurtful statements
• Failing to fulfill responsibilities, commitments, or promises
• Trouble regulating emotions

Despite these challenges, adults with ADHD can have happy relationships and fulfilling marriages. Seeking professional counseling and support is one of the best ways to work toward this.

8. Hyperactivity or Restlessness

Another sign of ADHD in adults is restlessness. This may present in a variety of ways:

• Flight of thoughts
• Constant fidgeting
• Tics and impulsive behaviors
• Overthinking and catastrophizing
• Trouble sitting still

Fidgeting is often misinterpreted as inattention in adults with ADHD. However, fidgeting and stimming can signify attempts to stay focused when a task doesn’t provide enough stimulation for the brain.

Interestingly, fidgeting may help increase the ability to focus and concentrate in adults with ADHD.^[6]

9. Forgetfulness and Working Memory Issues

ADHD may impact two different kinds of memory.

Working memory is your brain’s short-term storage space, and it’s where adults with ADHD are more likely to experience problems.^[7]

Here are some examples of how ADHD can impact working memory:

• Forgetting things on grocery lists
• Leaving essential items at home
• Losing track of belongings
• Difficulty following instructions to complete tasks
• Re-reading sections of text due to not retaining information

ADHD’s impact on long-term memory isn’t well understood. Some research shows that adults with ADHD may experience problems with long-term memory.

That’s because the ADHD brain may encode information in a disorganized way, interfering with the storage of new information.^[8]

10. Emotional Outbursts and Irritability

Around 30-70% of adults with ADHD experience mood swings (emotional dysregulation).^[9]

Adults with ADHD may notice the following signs of emotional turbulence:

• Impatience when under stress
• Explosive outbursts of anger
• Persistent irritability
• Surges of anger when met with everyday obstacles
• Frequent and reactive mood changes
• Unaware of the other party’s feelings

Professional therapy, medications, and self-care can play a vital role in managing ADHD-related anger.

Related Conditions and Challenges

In certain people, ADHD can be harder to spot and diagnose.

One possible reason is that ADHD often occurs alongside other conditions. These may include anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. About 80% of adults with ADHD report having at least one other mental health issue.^[10]

When symptoms overlap, diagnosis and treatment can become more complicated. 

Co-occurring conditions like anxiety or depression can often mask or mimic ADHD symptoms, making it harder to tell them apart. For example, trouble focusing might be caused by anxiety or depression as well. Without careful evaluation, this overlap can lead to misdiagnosis or delays in receiving proper treatment for either condition.

While co-occurring conditions may bring added challenges, they don’t define who you are or what you can accomplish. The key here is to seek professional help and treatment. An effective care plan will take all conditions into account, helping you manage your symptoms and function at your best. 

Adult ADHD Symptoms: It’s Not Too Late to Get Them Diagnosed

Many adults live for years without realizing they have ADHD. Instead, they blame themselves, thinking their struggles are due to personality flaws, laziness, or bad habits.

That’s why getting a diagnosis can be life-changing. It brings clarity, eases the guilt, and opens the door to the right treatment, tools, and support. With this, many adults with ADHD go on to lead more confident and empowered lives.

This is why it may be worth evaluating your symptoms if you’ve struggled with focus, memory, or restlessness but never understood why. The process usually involves talking to a healthcare provider about your experiences and how your symptoms affect different parts of your life.

Remember that it’s never too late to seek help, even as an adult. This step often marks the beginning of a new chapter where you can finally get the support and resources you need to thrive and achieve your goals. 

How to Know if You Have Adult ADHD

If you’re experiencing symptoms like lack of focus, restlessness, or poor memory, you may be concerned that you have ADHD.

You can take an adult ADHD screening test, which can give you a better idea of what your symptoms indicate.

Of course, the best way to determine whether you have the condition is by getting assessed by a healthcare professional.

ADHD can look quite different in adults compared to children. So, try to pick a doctor or specialist who has experience diagnosing and supporting adults with ADHD.

To get a diagnosis, you need to have a few symptoms of the condition, not just one. Your doctor will also ask how these symptoms have affected your daily activities and how long you’ve been experiencing them.^[3]

Additionally, they may ask to talk to someone who knew you well as a child, like your parent or guardian, to find out if you showed signs of ADHD in your childhood.

While it might feel daunting to seek help, it’s more than worth it. Many adults who receive treatment for their symptoms see improvements in many areas of their lives.

Adult ADHD Symptoms: It’s Not Too Late to Get Them Diagnosed

ADHD can be hard to spot in adults. But the more you learn about its signs and symptoms, the more likely you are to recognize them early on.

Ultimately, it’s best to take your concerns to a trusted healthcare provider who can address them effectively.

The ADDA adult ADHD test is a great starting point to screen yourself for signs of ADHD.

Check out ADDA’s online resource hub if you’d like to learn more about adult ADHD. Here, you’ll gain access to support groups, communities, and tips on how to live and thrive with ADHD. Join ADDA+ to unlock everything we have to offer.

References

[1] Prakash, J., Chatterjee, K., Guha, S., Srivastava, K., & Chauhan, V. S. (2021). Adult attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder: From clinical reality toward conceptual clarity. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_7_21

[2] Ayano, G., Tsegay, L., Gizachew, Y., Necho, M., Yohannes, K., Abraha, M., Demelash, S., Anbesaw, T., & Alati, R. (2023). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe. Psychiatry Research, 328, 115449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115449

[3] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[4] Ashinoff, B. K., & Abu-Akel, A. (2021). Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention. Psychological research, 85(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8

[5] Pollak, Y., Shoham, R., Anouk Scheres, & Dekkers, T. J. (2023). ADHD and Risk-Taking Behavior: Associations, Mechanisms, and Interventions. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series, 295–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_12 

[6] Son, H. M., Calub, C. A., Fan, B., Dixon, J. F., Rezaei, S., Borden, J., Schweitzer, J. B., & Liu, X. (2024). A quantitative analysis of fidgeting in ADHD and its relation to performance and sustained attention on a cognitive task. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1394096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394096

[7] Tolonen, T., Leppämäki, S., Roine, T., Alho, K., Tani, P., Koski, A., Laine, M., & Salmi, J. (2024). Working memory related functional connectivity in adult ADHD and its amenability to training: A randomized controlled trial. NeuroImage: Clinical, 103696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103696 

[8] Minear, M., Coane, J. H., Cooney, L. H., Boland, S. C., & Serrano, J. W. (2023). Is practice good enough? Retrieval benefits students with ADHD but does not compensate for poor encoding in unmedicated students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1186566

[9] Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Neufeld, J., Bölte, S., & Isaksson, J. (2022). Emotion dysregulation in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a co-twin control study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00528-0 

[10] Choi, W.-S., Woo, Y. S., Wang, S.-M., Lim, H. K., & Bahk, W.-M. (2022). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0277175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277175 

The post 10 Signs and Symptoms of ADHD in Adults (And When to Get Help) appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Being in a mental fog can feel very similar. You might have experienced brain fog if you’ve been in a hazy state where you can’t seem to think clearly or focus on each step of the task. 

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can contribute to this fuzziness in thinking. 

ADHD brain fog is a mental state where everything feels unclear or confusing. Because of this, focusing, remembering details, planning, or making decisions becomes almost impossible.

It’s essential to understand which ADHD symptoms are contributing to it. That way, you can take proactive steps to nip the problem in the bud and regain better mental clarity! 

What Is Brain Fog?

Brain fog is mental cloudiness or fuzziness that can also be described as a slowdown in brain function. 

Brain fog is not a medical term or official diagnosis. While you can’t get diagnosed with brain fog, it’s still a real issue that can significantly disrupt your daily activities and tasks. 

Brain fog can occur for various reasons, such as a lack of sleep, poor nutrition, stress, or the side effects of certain medications.^[1] It is also a common symptom people get after recovering from COVID-19.^[2]

ADHD is another possible cause of brain fog. Many ADHDers experience brain fog due to their ADHD symptoms, which can include poor focus, impulsivity, or forgetfulness.^[3]

ADHD Brain Fog Symptoms

ADHD brain fog can look different from person to person. However, there are some hallmark symptoms you can look out for. These include: 

• Mental fatigue or slowdown
• Mental cloudiness or confusion
• Daydreaming or mind wandering
• Poor focus and difficulty completing tasks
• Forgetting important tasks or details
• Low motivation and productivity
• Feeling disconnected from your surroundings
• Difficulty processing or expressing your thoughts
• Getting overwhelmed 

Because of these symptoms, ADHD brain fog can be disruptive in different ways. For example, it can make completing your tasks at work or school or following through with house chores and errands challenging. 

ADHD brain fog isn’t just “in your head” — it’s a genuine challenge that many people with ADHD experience. Recognizing it as a real issue allows you to address it and seek support or professional help to reduce its symptoms. 

Does ADHD Cause Brain Fog?

ADHD symptoms can contribute to brain fog. Research shows that the ADHD brain functions differently from a non-ADHD one. One key difference lies in the disruption in the transmission of dopamine, a chemical messenger of the brain.^[4]

Apart from chemical changes, ADHD can also impact the structure and connectivity between different regions. 

Let’s explore this further.

Exploring the Link Between ADHD and Cognitive Function

ADHD is known to alter brain function in various ways. 

Research shows that the ADHD brain operates differently. Some areas are hyperactive (more active than normal), and others are hypoactive (less active than normal).^[5]

For instance, the brain’s default mode network (DMN) tends to be hyperactive in ADHD. The DMN refers to a group of areas of the brain that turn on when you’re daydreaming. Due to the overactivity of the DMN, it can be challenging to stay focused on the task at hand.^[5]

Additionally, ADHD is linked to structural differences in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. The way various brain regions communicate with one another also differs.^[6]

All these factors influence how information is processed. They can lead to challenges with memory, organization, focus, and decision-making. As a result, many ADHDers experience mental fogginess in their day-to-day. 

How ADHD Impacts Memory and Focus

Working memory is like a mental sticky note in your brain. You use it to hold shorter-term key pieces of information to complete a task. 

For someone with ADHD, this “mental notepad” might feel smaller. The information might also fade faster or get overwritten by distractions, making it harder to follow through on tasks.

Focus is another challenging area for ADHDers. While you might quickly associate ADHD with being easily distracted, it can also lead to periods of hyperfocus. This is where a person becomes so absorbed in a task that they lose track of time and become unaware of their surroundings. 

Both extremes—a lack of focus or an overdrive of focus—make it harder to manage time effectively and complete tasks that truly matter.

The Role of Neurotransmitters in ADHD Brain Fog

Dopamine deficiency is linked to ADHD.^[4] It’s responsible for how the brain processes motivation, pleasure, and reward. A dopamine deficiency can make it harder for ADHDers to stay motivated. They may also struggle to delay smaller, shorter-term rewards for greater but longer-term ones.^[4]

As a result, ADHDers may experience mental sluggishness or fatigue and have lower motivation. This is especially so when managing tasks that are less stimulating or don’t offer immediate rewards.

The Difference Between ADHD and Usual Brain Fog

ADHD brain fog and regular brain fog may seem similar, but they affect people in different ways. 

ADHD brain fog results from the chemical balance, structure, and connectivity of the ADHD brain. It’s a longer-term issue that doesn’t just come and go. 

In contrast, regular brain fog is typically temporary and can occur due to stress, lack of sleep, or other external factors. It usually resolves once you address the underlying cause. 

ADHD brain fog can be more challenging to manage because it’s linked to the way your brain functions. 

However, the right ADHD treatment plan, practical strategies, and creation of habits can help reduce or prevent it.

What Does Brain Fog Feel Like?

Brain fog feels like a haze. It can make it hard to articulate ideas or retrieve information that is “in there” but just out of reach. Therefore, everyday tasks, like keeping up in a conversation or following instructions, can become draining. 

Dealing with brain fog is tough—it’s frustrating and can take a toll on you emotionally, mentally, and even physically. 

Emotional and Mental Impacts of ADHD Brain Fog

In the long term, ADHD brain fog can affect your mental and emotional well-being. 

You may struggle with work tasks and daily activities that others seem to breeze through. This can lead to frustration and self-doubt and might even contribute to feelings of depression or anxiety. In fact, ADHD can increase a person’s risk of depression later on in life._[7]

The mental cloudiness and fatigue you feel could also make it difficult to find motivation to do things that need to get done. This can increase procrastination, guilt, and stress. 

Physical Symptoms That Accompany Brain Fog

Though brain fog primarily affects how your brain functions, it might also come with physical symptoms. 

Physical exhaustion, headaches, muscle tension, and low energy levels are possible symptoms of ADHD brain fog. These symptoms might come about due to the stress and frustration of managing daily challenges. Disrupted sleep can also contribute to these physical symptoms. Research has demonstrated a strong link between adult ADHD and sleep problems.^[8]

You can reduce these physical symptoms by improving your lifestyle habits through regular exercise and proper sleep hygiene. 

Preventing ADHD Brain Fog

ADHD brain fog is a chronic problem for many ADHDers. However, preventing or reducing its effects on your daily life isn’t impossible. 

The greatest positive changes stem from small but consistent steps you can take each day. By gradually modifying your lifestyle habits, you can create a healthy environment for your mind to thrive. 

Lifestyle Changes to Minimize ADHD Brain Fog

Certain lifestyle modifications can reduce brain fog naturally. 

One of the best examples is getting regular exercise. Even a single exercise session can reduce ADHD symptoms and enhance cognitive function.^[9]

You can also start practicing mindfulness as part of your everyday routine. Set aside a few minutes daily to sit quietly and practice staying focused on the present moment. 

Foods and Supplements to Support Brain Health

A healthy diet can help improve brain health and ensure you have enough energy to function and think at your best throughout the day. Certain foods, such as those rich in omega-3 fatty acids, can be especially beneficial for cognitive function. These include fatty fish such as salmon and nuts and seeds like chia seeds and walnuts. 

If you practice a complete and healthy diet, taking supplements is unnecessary. However, if you’re too busy to have a daily balanced meal, you can try supplements to support brain function. Remember to consult a healthcare professional before starting anything new. 

Sleep and Brain Fog in ADHD

Sleep deprivation can worsen brain fog. 

The following are some practical tips you can implement to get better sleep at night:

• Stick to a regular sleep schedule.
• Keep your bedroom dark and at a comfortable temperature for sleep. 
• Limit how much time you spend on your devices before bed. 
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol, or heavy meals close to bedtime.
• Have a routine to unwind before bed, such as listening to music, taking a warm bath, or doing simple breathing exercises. 

ADHD can contribute to long-term sleep problems. If your sleep problems don’t seem to go away even with healthy sleep hygiene practices, it’s always best to seek professional help. 

Tips for Coping with ADHD Brain Fog

Here are some practical ways to manage ADHD brain fog in your day-to-day. 

• Create a conducive environment: Declutter your workspace, find a quiet spot to work, or invest in noise-canceling headphones. 
• Build a routine: A routine can help reduce mental load, especially when you’re in a rush. Build a simple routine, such as in the morning or evening, when you need to be on time or get things done. 
• Use organizational tools: ADHD organizational tools like planners or smartphone apps can help you better manage your tasks and deadlines. 

Treatment

There’s no actual ADHD brain fog treatment. However, there are ways you can treat and manage your ADHD symptoms, which, in turn, can help reduce ADHD brain fog. 

Many adult ADHDers benefit from taking ADHD medications. The most commonly used medications are stimulants, which help to balance the level of chemical messengers in the brain. 

Apart from medications, there are ADHD therapies that can help manage the symptoms of brain fog. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps ADHDers pinpoint unhelpful thinking patterns and beliefs and explore better ones to replace them with. 

Clearing the Mental Fog Takes Time and Patience

Struggling with ADHD brain fog doesn’t reflect laziness or irresponsibility. It’s linked to the unique characteristics of the brain. It’s a real issue requiring time, patience, and support.

Treatment for ADHD and practical strategies to improve focus, organization, and planning can help to minimize the impact of ADHD brain fog. 

If you want to learn more about managing ADHD-related issues, check out ADDA+. This online resource hub has expert-crafted materials and courses on overcoming different ADHD-related challenges. You can also join a community of adult ADHDers on a similar journey to share support, advice, and tips! 

References

[1] Kverno K. (2021). Brain Fog: A Bit of Clarity Regarding Etiology, Prognosis, and Treatment. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 59(11), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20211013-01

[2] Van der Feltz-Cornelis, C., Turk, F., Sweetman, J., Khunti, K., Gabbay, M., Shepherd, J., Montgomery, H., Strain, W. D., Lip, G. Y. H., Wootton, D., Watkins, C. L., Cuthbertson, D. J., Williams, N., & Banerjee, A. (2024). Prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog in people with long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis. General hospital psychiatry, 88, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009

[3] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[4] Véronneau-Veilleux, F., Robaey, P., Ursino, M., & Nekka, F. (2022). A mechanistic model of ADHD as resulting from dopamine phasic/tonic imbalance during reinforcement learning. Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 16, 849323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2022.849323

[5] Rubia K. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100

[6] Long, Y., Pan, N., Ji, S., Qin, K., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., He, M., Suo, X., Yu, Y., Wang, S., & Gong, Q. (2022). Distinct brain structural abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A comparative meta-analysis. Translational psychiatry, 12(1), 368. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02130-6

[7] Riglin, L., Leppert, B., Dardani, C., Thapar, A. K., Rice, F., O’Donovan, M. C., Davey Smith, G., Stergiakouli, E., Tilling, K., & Thapar, A. (2021). ADHD and depression: investigating a causal explanation. Psychological medicine, 51(11), 1890–1897. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000665

[8] Surman, C. B. H., & Walsh, D. M. (2021). Managing Sleep in Adults with ADHD: From Science to Pragmatic Approaches. Brain sciences, 11(10), 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101361

[9] Mehren, A., Reichert, M., Coghill, D., Müller, H. H. O., Braun, N., & Philipsen, A. (2020). Physical exercise in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – evidence and implications for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-019-0115-2

The post Understanding ADHD Brain Fog: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment  appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Gender biases, as well as cultural expectations of girls and women, play a big part in the lower rate of diagnoses. For example, symptoms of inattentiveness are dismissed as daydreaming, or interrupting others can be labeled chattiness.

As a result, women struggling with undiagnosed ADHD often have their symptoms misattributed to other factors.

Three of the main symptoms women with ADHD struggle with are:

• Inattention
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsivity

Despite these challenges, it is entirely possible for women to thrive with ADHD. Getting the necessary treatment and support further tilts the odds in their favor. 

In this article, we’ll explore the signs, symptoms, and treatment for ADHD in women.

If you’d like to know more, read our statement on over- and under-diagnosis of ADHD.

Originally published on September 20th, 2022, this article was updated and republished on November 28th, 2024.

What Is it Like Being a Woman with ADHD?

Everyone walks a different journey with ADHD.

But at the same time, the challenges you face can look very similar to many other women living with the disorder.

For many women ADHDers, the pressure to meet different societal expectations is overwhelming.

Many of them have to juggle multiple areas of life, including family, parenting, relationships, work, and household chores. They might even be pressured to act, dress, or look a certain way.

With symptoms of ADHD, these expectations can be harder to live up to.

On top of that, women are generally better at masking their symptoms. As a result, it may be trickier for them to get a proper diagnosis and access the treatment they need.

Common Signs of ADHD in Adult Women

ADHD can significantly impact various areas of your life. Recognizing the signs of adult ADHD is a positive first step to getting the help and support women need.

Performance at Work and School

ADHD can make completing tasks more challenging.^[1]

You may notice the following:

• Forgetting appointments and always running late for meetings.
• Constantly behind on deadlines (or don’t remember them).
• Daydreaming.
• Don’t get along well with colleagues or classmates.
• Messy and disorganized workstation.
• Unable to work in a noisy or busy environment.

Impact on Relationships

Maintaining healthy relationships with your partner, children, family, and friends often feels like more than you can handle due to ADHD.^[2]

Here’s how ADHD may impact your relationships:

• Zoning out during conversations, causing the other party to feel ignored.
• Can’t remember important dates (like birthdays and anniversaries).
• Unintentionally blurting out statements that hurt the other party.
• Forgetting to do things you promised or agreed to do.
• Difficulty controlling your emotions and often losing your temper.

Seeking help and support often leads to more fulfilling marriages, happier relationships, and more meaningful connections.

Challenging Social Interactions

Despite your best efforts, ADHD can make it difficult for women with ADHD to make new friends or interact naturally with others.

Social challenges you may face:

• Going on a tangent when speaking.
• Trouble focusing on the conversation unless the topic really interests you.
• Lower self-esteem, making it harder to talk to new people.
• Dislike putting yourself “out there” to make new friends.
• Can’t seem to pick up social cues or read body language.

Emotional Difficulties

You may experience emotions more intensely with ADHD. Sometimes, you may even have trouble hitting the brakes on your feelings, leading to mood swings.

Over time, loneliness, negative experiences, and failures can leave you with poor self-esteem or self-confidence. On top of that, you’re more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and mood-related issues.

You’re also more prone to sleep problems, depression, and eating disorders, making self-care a top priority.^[3]

Neglecting Physical Health

Sometimes, ADHD can impact your physical health in the following ways:

• You may neglect exercise.
• Your diet lacks the right balance of nutrients.^[4]
• You forget to take your medications or can’t remember how to take them correctly.
• You miss health checkups and doctor appointments.

Derailed Goals and Daily Challenges

With ADHD, each day feels like a race to avoid disasters and minimize mistakes. This keeps you from making progress in achieving your goals.

Here’s how ADHD may get in the way of your daily activities:

Financial issues

• Impulse buying
• Missing bill payments
• High, outstanding credit card balances
• Struggling to set and stick to a budget

Difficulty with daily chores and tasks

• Unwashed dishes and laundry pile up
• Fridge or cabinets have spoiled food

Clutter in your home or workplace

• Dislike having people over due to mess
• Waste time looking for everyday items or tools
• Disorganized everyday items, i.e., makeup in the kitchen, dishes in the bathroom, or shoes on the counter

Difficulty making decisions

• Take longer than necessary to choose clothes, grocery items, meals, and household products
• Make decisions too late

ADHD can cause everyday tasks to feel overwhelming.

Making small and consistent changes is the key to managing your daily tasks with more confidence and ease.

ADHD Symptoms in Women

People with ADHD can be grouped into one of three main categories. ^[3]

Inattentive Type Symptoms:

• Forgetfulness
• Trouble concentrating
• Short attention span
• Daydreaming
• Being disorganized
• Flight of thoughts
• Internal restlessness
• Poor time management or planning

Inattentive ADHD in women is more common.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Type Symptoms:

• Impatience
• Hyper-talkativeness
• Having too much energy
• Excessive physical movement
• Speaking whatever comes to mind
• Acting without thinking
• Having little sense of danger

Combination-Type Symptoms:

• A mixture of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms

While there are many similarities, there are differences between ADHD symptoms in men and women.

Here’s a comparison of how ADHD generally impacts men and women. ^[1], ^[3]

ADHD symptoms in women often go undiagnosed for various reasons.

• Parents, teachers, and doctors can miss them—because young girls with ADHD don’t usually have loud, disruptive behaviors.^[3]
• Many women with ADHD are labeled “chatterboxes,” “clutter-headed,” or “just hormonal.”
• Symptoms are viewed as character traits or emotional issues rather than signs of ADHD.^[3]

Despite these challenges, you can learn how to get diagnosed with ADHD and advocate for yourself.

ADHD in Older Women

Symptoms of ADHD in older women typically involve the same group of symptoms you would expect in other ADHDers. Examples include poor focus, impulsivity, restlessness, and poor memory.^[5]

However, women undergo hormonal changes during the menopausal period. The changes in female hormones, namely progesterone and estrogen, may make symptoms of ADHD more severe in older women.^[5]

The lower estrogen levels affect the release of a chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine. Low dopamine is linked to ADHD symptoms. As a result, older women with ADHD may have even greater trouble with focus and concentration.^[5]

Some research also suggests that menopausal women who have ADHD are more likely to experience feelings of depression and poorer mood.^[5]

Despite this, every woman’s experience with ADHD looks different. Some women going through menopause may notice little changes to their symptoms. Meanwhile, others might notice that it contributes to much poorer concentration and motivation. 

High-Functioning ADHD Symptoms in Females

Some women have high-functioning ADHD, where their symptoms don’t significantly affect their daily activities and performance.

These women still experience some of the typical symptoms of this disorder, including poor focus, lack of attention to detail, restlessness, and poor organization.

As a result, they may miss deadlines, forget appointments, or interrupt others in conversations.

However, these symptoms may be harder to spot due to various reasons.

Firstly, women are generally better at building coping mechanisms to mask their ADHD. They change their behavior to compensate for their symptoms. Many women do this to appear “normal” and meet societal norms and standards.

ADHD masking may include healthy coping mechanisms, such as having a daily schedule or setting phone reminders for important events.

Others may be unsustainable and exhausting in the long run. For example, they may work longer hours or start getting ready for events much earlier than needed.

High-functioning ADHD also describes cases where the person has mild or severe symptoms that only affect specific areas of life and not others.

Because of these characteristics of high-functioning ADHD, it’s generally harder to identify and diagnose.

As you gain a deeper understanding of the different ways ADHD may appear, you can better recognize its symptoms.

How to Diagnose ADHD in Women

There’s no single test to diagnose ADHD in women. Instead, a combination of diagnosis methods is used.

The best way to get a proper diagnosis is to get assessed by a healthcare professional who has experience in adult ADHD. That’s because ADHD in children can look very different from that in adult women.

Your healthcare professional will assess your condition by asking a series of questions to understand your symptoms and challenges better. They may also ask you to fill out a questionnaire based on behavioral rating scales for adult ADHDers.^[6]

Additionally, your doctor might request to speak to someone who knew you well when you were a child, such as a parent or school teacher. Since ADHD is a childhood-onset condition, it’s important to find out whether or not it affected you when you were younger.

A proper diagnosis paves the way for you to receive the help you need to overcome your daily challenges and achieve your goals.

Treatment for ADHD in Women

ADHD is real — it’s not all just in your head. And like any other condition, it can be managed with the right treatment and support.

A mix of both medication and therapy is the most effective treatment for ADHD.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), combined with mindfulness-based practices, is an effective therapeutic method.

If you’d like to try therapy, make sure to find a therapist familiar with ADHD so that being late, interruptions, or trouble following through on tasks don’t get in the way.

Additional ways you can deal with ADHD:

Stay Active

• Exercise can improve symptoms of ADHD, especially those related to attention, mood, and memory.^[7]
• You can use the habit-stacking technique to incorporate more movement and exercise into your daily life. An example is doing squats or jumping jacks while waiting for your laundry. 

Pick a physical activity you enjoy and set realistic goals for how long each session lasts.

Eat a Balanced Diet

• Planning mealtimes – regular grocery trips and preparing meals in advance can help you enjoy more nutritious meals.
• Routine – eat on a schedule to avoid snacking or compulsive eating.
• Avoid too much caffeine and sugary foods, which may lead to a crash later on.
• Meal-prepping is another useful hack for living healthier. Preparing healthy meals a few days to a week in advance helps save time and energy and encourages you to adopt a balanced diet. 

Join a Support Group

• A women’s support group allows you to meet and talk to other people who live with ADHD.
• You can ask your local hospitals or clinics for information on support groups in your area or surf the web to look for online ADHD support groups.

Find an ADHD Coach

• An ADHD coach guides you in building personalized strategies and structures that move you closer to your goals.
• You can get referrals from local medical facilities or look online for directories of ADHD coaches.

Try to find a coach who has worked with female clients.

Try Psychological Counseling

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychological treatment. It helps you change your thinking patterns and habits, giving you more control over your life.
• Marriage counseling and family therapy may also support women in fostering healthier relationships.

ADHD Medications

Medications help to regulate your brain activity and control symptoms. But these must be prescribed and taken under the supervision of a trained professional—preferably a psychiatrist.

Stimulant medications are usually the first choice of treatment for ADHD in adults.

If stimulants are not effective or suitable, your healthcare professional may prescribe non-stimulant medications.

Antidepressants may also be recommended if you’re experiencing mood-related conditions like anxiety or depression.

Currently, new research is geared toward understanding ADHD in women.

Women can look forward to advances in treatment that work better for them as individuals.

Adult Women with ADHD: You Don’t Have to Struggle Alone

If you think you may be showing signs of ADHD, it’s best to reach out to a trusted healthcare professional to examine and diagnose your condition.

Check out ADDA’s online resources, where you can connect with people who have ADHD, find women support groups and coaches, and learn more about ADHD.

ADDA’s Adult ADHD test is also a good starting point to screen yourself and detect if you may have ADHD.

Recognizing that you may have ADHD is an important step to getting a proper diagnosis and treatment.

It’s never too late to take that first step!

Navigating Adult ADHD with the Right Resources

Apart from reaching out to healthcare professionals and ADHD coaches, you can learn more about life with ADHD through online resources. 

ADDA+ is an online resource hub packed with courses, webinars, resources, and guides created by experts. Here, you’ll gain access to practical tips and advice on reducing the impact of ADHD on your day-to-day. 

It’s also a safe space to connect with other women on the same journey. ADDA+ is a community where you can support each other and exchange tried-and-true tips for living with ADHD. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What does undiagnosed ADHD look like in women?

Women with undiagnosed ADHD experience the typical symptoms of ADHD, like lack of concentration, poor memory, carelessness, impulsivity, and restlessness. However, because their ADHD is undiagnosed, these symptoms may affect their day-to-day in more significant ways. They may work twice as hard as their peers to achieve the same goals, struggle with self-esteem or confidence, or experience conflicts in their relationships and friendships. 

What are the symptoms of ADHD in women who are quiet?

Women with ADHD who also have a quiet personality might not show as many symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity. They may experience the more subtle internal symptoms of ADHD, like daydreaming, lack of focus, forgetfulness, and low motivation. 

What does high-functioning ADHD look like in women?

Women with high-functioning ADHD experience symptoms of ADHD but have developed coping mechanisms, like having daily routines or calendar reminders, to compensate for them. On the surface, they might seem very organized and successful. However, many people don’t see the extra time and effort put in behind the scenes to make up for poor focus, impulsivity, or forgetfulness. 

References

[1] Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Hollingdale, J., Kilic, O., Lloyd, T., Mason, P., Paliokosta, E., Perecherla, S., Sedgwick, J., Skirrow, C., Tierney, K., … Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 404. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

[2] Ginapp, C. M., Greenberg, N. R., Macdonald-Gagnon, G., Angarita, G. A., Bold, K. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2023). The experiences of adults with ADHD in interpersonal relationships and online communities: A qualitative study. SSM. Qualitative research in health, 3, 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100223

[3] Attoe, D. E., & Climie, E. A. (2023). Miss. Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of ADHD in Adult Women. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(7), 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547231161533

[4] Li, L., Taylor, M. J., Bälter, K., Kuja-Halkola, R., Chen, Q., Hegvik, T. A., Tate, A. E., Chang, Z., Arias-Vásquez, A., Hartman, C. A., & Larsson, H. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and dietary habits in adulthood: A large population-based twin study in Sweden. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics: the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 183(8), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32825

[5] Antoniou, E., Rigas, N., Orovou, E., Papatrechas, A., & Sarella, A. (2021). ADHD Symptoms in Females of Childhood, Adolescent, Reproductive and Menopause Period. Materia socio-medica, 33(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2021.33.114-118

[6] Prakash, J., Chatterjee, K., Guha, S., Srivastava, K., & Chauhan, V. S. (2021). Adult attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder: From clinical reality toward conceptual clarity. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_7_21

[7] Xie, Y., Gao, X., Song, Y., Zhu, X., Chen, M., Yang, L., & Ren, Y. (2021). Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 706625. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706625

The post ADHD in Women: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

You might think you’re just “lazy” or “irresponsible.” But attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) changes the way your brain functions, affecting focus and motivation.

Research has found a link between low dopamine levels and ADHD.^[1] While low dopamine alone may not directly cause ADHD, it contributes significantly to its symptoms, making it harder to stay on track, especially with routine or uninteresting tasks.

When you recognize that the ADHD brain works differently, it becomes easier to practice self-compassion instead of self-blame. With this understanding, you can also explore natural ways to increase dopamine levels in ADHD and unlock a new level of productivity!

What Is Dopamine?

Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain, also known as a neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in motivation, mood, memory, attention, and emotional regulation.^[2]

This powerful chemical messenger affects how we experience pleasure, satisfaction, and reward. For instance, when you do something exciting or achieve a new milestone, your brain releases dopamine. This makes the experience feel more rewarding.

How Are Low Dopamine Levels Linked to ADHD?

Research suggests that ADHD and low dopamine levels are linked.^[1] Essentially, the way dopamine works and interacts with receptors in the brain may differ in ADHDers compared to non-ADHDers.

This is because ADHDers have at least one gene, which is the DRD2 gene, that doesn’t work as it should. This makes it harder for the nerve cells or neurons in the brain to respond to dopamine.^[1]

Apart from the DRD2 gene, research has also shown that differences in other genes are usually involved.^[1] For instance, ADHD might be linked to a defective gene for the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. This enzyme helps convert dopamine to another chemical messenger called norepinephrine.^[3] The gene for dopamine transporters in the brain may also be affected in ADHD.^[1]

A single defect in these genes likely cannot cause ADHD symptoms on its own. However, defects in a few of these genes can have an additive effect that reduces the brain’s dopamine production. This can lead to low levels of dopamine and contribute to symptoms of ADHD.^[1]

Can Increasing Dopamine Levels Help ADHD?

ADHD and dopamine deficiency are linked. So it’s possible that increasing dopamine levels can help reduce ADHD symptoms. 

The most widely used ADHD medications work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. For instance, methylphenidate blocks dopamine transporters in the brain.^[4] This prevents nerve cells from taking dopamine back up and raises dopamine levels. 

These medications are shown to be effective in helping with symptoms in adult ADHDers. So this could suggest that increasing dopamine levels is a promising strategy for improving ADHD symptoms. 

How to Increase Dopamine Naturally

Apart from ADHD medications, there are some non-medicinal methods you can try to boost dopamine levels. 

Of course, different people will respond differently, so there’s no guarantee that these strategies will work. But you can try one or two of them and see if they help improve your ADHD symptoms. 

Let’s explore some natural ways to increase dopamine in ADHD.

Diet Changes

You might already know that your diet plays a huge role in helping you maintain a healthy body and mind. But what’s even more interesting is that it might even impact the chemical messengers in your brain—including dopamine. 

Certain types of foods can help alter dopamine levels. For example, tyrosine-rich foods may promote healthy dopamine levels in the brain.^[5] Tyrosine is an amino acid, which is the building block of proteins. Some research suggests this amino acid can increase dopamine availability in the brain. 

Tyrosine-rich foods include eggs, dairy, beef, turkey, chicken, avocado, and soy. If you’d like, you can gradually increase your intake of these foods and see if that helps with your symptoms. Keep in mind that research is ongoing to confirm the benefits of tyrosine-rich food for those with ADHD. 

Exercise

According to research, exercising is a promising way to boost dopamine levels naturally.^[6] Exercise is also highly beneficial for improving mood, brain function, and mental health.^[6]

More studies are needed to determine which types, duration, and intensity of exercise are most effective for boosting dopamine. But so far, researchers have found that exercising itself carries far more weight than how you do it.^[6]

So, as long as you find the exercise enjoyable, go for it! Doing workout routines that you find fun and entertaining can make building the habit of exercising much easier. 

Psychotherapy

Therapy for ADHD can help adults cope better with their symptoms. One of the most well-known therapies for ADHD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This form of therapy helps you recognize unhelpful thinking patterns and behaviors and adopt healthier coping mechanisms to improve your dopamine regulation. 

ADHDers who go for CBT can learn how to improve their motivation and avoid procrastination. 

Mindfulness-based CBT, in particular, can be beneficial for ADHDers. This form of CBT combines mindfulness and meditation. It can improve focus, reduce stress, and enhance emotional regulation.^[7]

Some research suggests that this form of CBT may even help strengthen the effects of dopamine-increasing medications in ADHD.^[7]

Listen to Music

Music is shown to help improve ADHD symptoms, enhance task performance, and boost focus.^[8] This isn’t surprising, as listening to pleasurable music can increase dopamine release.^[9]

If you want to leverage the power of music for your ADHD, you can try learning or playing a musical instrument or simply listen to music you enjoy.^[8]

Does the Dopamine Detox Work for ADHD?

A dopamine detox, sometimes called dopamine fasting, refers to taking a break from habits that provide a high level of stimulation. In other words, you’d stop doing activities that provide dopamine boosts for a period of time. 

You might fast from social media, video games, texting, or other activities that boost dopamine. This supposedly deprives your brain of dopamine and “resets” the activity of dopamine in the brain, which is said to help with ADHD. Because of these claims, some have tried the dopamine detox to improve their ADHD symptoms. 

However, this dopamine detox strategy is unlikely to work for many ADHDers. That’s because there isn’t any proven way to reduce or stop your brain from producing dopamine. Furthermore, ADHD is already linked to lower dopamine levels, so “detoxing” from dopamine is unlikely to be beneficial. 

That said, it’s still a good idea to draw boundaries and limits if you spend an unhealthy amount of time on social media or playing video games. But you can work with your therapist or ADHD coach to find sustainable ways to limit these “addictive” behaviors without going cold turkey. 

Frequently Asked Questions

How does exercise influence dopamine production and ADHD management?

Research shows that exercise can help increase dopamine production in the brain. This can improve mood and mental well-being.^[6] In ADHD, increased dopamine levels can also help enhance motivation and attention. 

Can stress or lack of sleep impact dopamine levels and worsen ADHD symptoms?

Long-term stress changes the way your brain produces and interacts with dopamine.^[10] This can worsen ADHD symptoms. A lack of sleep can increase certain dopamine transporters and decrease other types. Sleep deprivation has a net negative effect on ADHDers. It decreases alertness and attention while increasing risk-taking behaviors.^[11]

How does dopamine affect focus and attention in people with ADHD?

Dopamine is the chemical messenger in the brain that plays a role in motivation, alertness, and focus. Lower dopamine levels in ADHD can make it harder to stay engaged and motivated with your daily tasks and activities. 

Boosting Motivation and Focus in ADHD

If you’re in a constant tug-of-war with your motivation and attention, you can explore ways to boost your dopamine. Some natural methods include exercising or listening to music you enjoy. 

Of course, it’s not a good idea to use these alone to manage your ADHD symptoms. Many adult ADHDers find that professional guidance, treatment, and therapy can still make all the difference. 

Instead of relying on one or the other, you can build a holistic ADHD management plan by combining them. With different strategies, it’s just a matter of time before you see your productivity and motivation improve!

If you want to learn more about boosting your focus and motivation, check out ADDA+. This resource hub provides expert-backed tips and information on improving ADHD symptoms related to attention, planning, and other areas. Plus, you can connect with other adult ADHDers to exchange support and advice! 

References

[1] Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J., Arcuri, V., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Waite, R. L., Notaro, A., Lubar, J., Williams, L., Prihoda, T. J., Palomo, T., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 4(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s2627

[2] Juárez Olguín, H., Calderón Guzmán, D., Hernández García, E., & Barragán Mejía, G. (2016). The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2016, 9730467. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9730467

[3] Zhang, H. B., Wang, Y. F., Li, J., Wang, B., & Yang, L. (2005). Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 43(1), 26–30. 

[4] Mechler, K., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Häge, A. (2022). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 230, 107940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940

[5] Kühn, S., Düzel, S., Colzato, L., Norman, K., Gallinat, J., Brandmaier, A. M., Lindenberger, U., & Widaman, K. F. (2019). Food for thought: association between dietary tyrosine and cognitive performance in younger and older adults. Psychological research, 83(6), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0957-4

[6] Marques, A., Marconcin, P., Werneck, A. O., Ferrari, G., Gouveia, É. R., Kliegel, M., Peralta, M., & Ihle, A. (2021). Bidirectional Association between Physical Activity and Dopamine Across Adulthood-A Systematic Review. Brain sciences, 11(7), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070829

[7] Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., & Philipsen, A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective. Frontiers in psychiatry, 7, 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00117

[8] Martin-Moratinos, M., Bella-Fernández, M., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2023). Effects of Music on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Potential Application in Serious Video Games: Systematic Review. Journal of medical Internet research, 25, e37742. https://doi.org/10.2196/37742

[9] Zatorre, R. J., & Salimpoor, V. N. (2013). From perception to pleasure: music and its neural substrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 10430–10437. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301228110

[10] Bloomfield, M. A., McCutcheon, R. A., Kempton, M., Freeman, T. P., & Howes, O. (2019). The effects of psychosocial stress on dopaminergic function and the acute stress response. eLife, 8, e46797. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.46797

[11] Volkow, N. D., Tomasi, D., Wang, G. J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Benveniste, H., Kim, R., Thanos, P. K., & Ferré, S. (2012). Evidence That Sleep Deprivation Downregulates Dopamine D2R in Ventral Striatum in the Human Brain. The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(19), 6711–6717. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0045-12.2012

The post How Dopamine Influences ADHD Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

With or without medications, ADHD can significantly affect adults. Even though this condition can impact different areas of life, many adults are still living with untreated ADHD. Without proper treatment, this condition can lead to various consequences and risks, including mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and mood disorders.^[1]

This happens because symptoms of ADHD can lead to issues with concentration and impulsivity control. When not managed properly, these issues can lead to irritability, low self-esteem, and frustration.

Fortunately, adult ADHD is highly treatable.

Finding the right ADHD treatment is life-changing for many adults. 

Proper ADHD management can improve focus, motivation, communication, and other essential skills. The right help will get you on track to meeting your goals.

Continue reading to find out more about the challenges untreated ADHD presents and learn how timely treatment can make all the difference.

Originally published on March 15th, 2023, this article was updated and republished on September 27th, 2024.

Signs of Untreated ADHD in Adults 

Learning how to spot symptoms of ADHD in adults can help you or your loved ones get support and treatment. 

Adult ADHD can be tricky to spot. But as you learn to recognize the signs of untreated ADHD, you’ll have a higher chance of picking up on possible telltale symptoms, allowing you to take the next best course of action. 

Here are some signs of untreated adult ADHD to look out for:^[2]

• Trouble focusing 
• Lacking attention to details
• Making careless mistakes
• Struggling to pay attention in conversations
• Difficulty following instructions completely
• Getting sidetracked easily
• Misplacing important items
• Forgetting to do everyday tasks or chores
• Fidgeting and being unable to sit still
• Often on the go
• Talking excessively
• Struggling to wait their turn or wait in line
• Interrupting others when they speak

These signs and symptoms can look very different from one person to the next. 

Why ADHD in Adults Is Often Untreated

Less than 20% of adults with ADHD receive the care and support needed to manage their symptoms.^[3]

Adult ADHD often goes undetected because it looks different than it does in children. ADHD is most often recognized as being hyperactive, which is commonly seen in children with the disorder.

On the flip side, studies have found that hyperactivity symptoms are less likely to persist into adulthood than symptoms of inattention.^[4] This makes adult ADHD harder to spot and recognize. And when adults have hyperactive symptoms, they tend to be more subtle, such as having inner restlessness or a wandering mind.^[5]

Additionally, adult ADHD may also be mistaken for other mental health conditions that share overlapping symptoms. Examples include depression or anxiety. For instance, someone with depression may struggle to focus on their work tasks, which is also a symptom of ADHD. 

Apart from that, adult ADHDers may display fewer symptoms. Some of them may have learned workarounds for their ADHD, making their symptoms even less noticeable. This form of high-functioning ADHD is also often masked by the person’s achievements or intelligence.^[6]

10 Risks of Untreated ADHD in Adults

Untreated ADHD may affect work, academics, relationships, mental wellness, and physical health in the following ways.

Haphazard Focus

Though ADHD is labeled an attention-deficit disorder, individuals with ADHD don’t actually have an attention deficit. They have an abundance of attention. The challenge lies in controlling and directing it.

ADHDers may find it the most challenging to follow through on certain types of tasks:

• Projects that require sustained attention
• Tasks with delayed rewards
• Repetitive work

They may procrastinate or get easily distracted, leading to missed deadlines, unfinished work, overlooked instructions, and careless mistakes.^[2]

However, the ADHD brain can also hyperfocus, becoming oblivious to surrounding distractions.

When you learn to manage your abundance of attention, hyperfocus can serve as a superpower, helping you concentrate on work that interests you.

Memory Issues

ADHD affects both long-term and working memory – the limited-storage system of your brain that holds information temporarily.^[7]

Someone with ADHD may have difficulty remembering details. They may forget important dates, miss meetings, events, or celebrations, and misplace items like keys or documents.

The impact of ADHD on memory can also make learning more challenging, as this affects a person’s ability to store and manipulate information.

Remember that ADHD doesn’t define your intelligence. Your brain simply processes and holds information differently.

An ADHD coach or therapist can help you set up personalized ADHD memory strategies that can help you remember important details more effectively.

Disorganization and Poor Time Management

One of the consequences of untreated ADHD in adults is disorganization, which can show up in the following ways:

• Struggling to divide big tasks into structured, smaller steps
• Talking in an incoherent and non-sequential way
• Jumping haphazardly from one task to another
• Underestimating time needed for a task
• Forgetting appointments
• Struggling with routines
• Cluttered workspaces
• Misplacing items

Due to these symptoms, a person with ADHD may have trouble being on time, keeping track of their schedule, meeting deadlines, and keeping up with their workload.

There are many ways to improve your organizational skills and prioritization.

For instance, you can enlist the help of a professional ADHD organizer to help you tackle clutter. If you need help switching from one task to another, you could set up an ADHD transition ritual to ease the process.

Relationship Hurdles

These untreated ADHD symptoms may contribute to relationship challenges:

• Struggling to finish household chores and tasks
• Unintentionally blurting out hurtful statements
• Zoning out during conversations
• Forgetting important events
• Interrupting other people
• Emotional outbursts

Because of their symptoms, ADHDers may find themselves in heated conflicts and misunderstandings with their loved ones.

What’s crucial is learning to communicate effectively and build strategies that can help you fulfill important commitments. That way, you’ll be able to maintain healthy and happy relationships with your friends, family, and partner.

Stifled Career Growth

ADHD can make it harder for an individual to meet deadlines, pay attention to instructions, collaborate effectively with workmates, and handle complex projects.

People with ADHD may find they’re not as productive, motivated, or focused as they’d like to be at their job.

In fact, research suggests that those with ADHD have a 70% higher chance of experiencing long-term unemployment compared to their non-ADHD peers.^[8]

However, ADHDers who find a role that complements their strengths often succeed in their careers. Traits like creativity, fast-paced thinking, and higher energy levels are often part of ADHD, too.

Find the resources you need to help improve your life, achieve your career goals, and thrive in so many ways! Join ADDA+ today.

Financial Slip-Ups

Research suggests that adults with ADHD struggle more with financial decision-making. People with ADHD are also more likely to spend impulsively compared to non-ADHDers.^[9]

As a result, they may be more likely to exceed card limits, accumulate debt, and become financially dependent on other people.^[9]

ADHD can make it challenging to stick to a budget and save money, but this doesn’t mean the person is irresponsible.

They just need ADHD-friendly finance management tools and professional guidance to help them get their finances back on track.

Substance Misuse and Addiction

Some adults with ADHD turn to substances such as alcohol, drugs, or nicotine to self-medicate and find relief from the challenges they face.

Some research suggests around 35% of adults with ADHD are also diagnosed with substance use disorder. This may indicate that those with ADHD are more likely to struggle with substance misuse.^[10]

ADHD and a substance misuse disorder can be treated concurrently. But through early intervention and management of ADHD symptoms, substance misuse disorders can be prevented. 

Mental Health Struggles

Problems at work, school, or home may cause a person with ADHD to become overly self-critical and doubt their strengths and capabilities.

And due to the quick-paced nature of the ADHD brain, ADHDers often ping-pong between good and bad perceptions of themselves.

One day, they feel confident, and the next, completely overwhelmed. These mood fluctuations can be emotionally draining and lead to low self-esteem.

Because of these struggles, ADHD is often linked to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and mood disorders.^[1]

This explains why self-care and self-compassion are powerful tools for anyone living with ADHD.

Poor Physical Wellness

ADHD may be linked to more risky behaviors, such as substance misuse, smoking, binge eating, and unsafe sex.^[11]

ADHD may also pose additional challenges in terms of leading a healthy lifestyle. For instance, adopting a balanced, ADHD-friendly diet and sticking to an exercise routine may require organization, planning, and motivation, all of which can be affected by ADHD.

This can put people with untreated ADHD at a higher risk of heart disease, obesity, and other chronic ailments in the long run.^[11]

Legal Issues

Judgment, decision-making, and impulse control may be affected in a person with ADHD. Those with ADHD can have a harder time understanding the dangers or harms of their actions on themselves or those around them.

In fact, a lot of studies document a link between ADHD and risk-taking behaviors in different areas. These include gambling, careless driving, risky sex practices, and substance use.^[12] As a result, ADHDers may be more likely to engage in them. 

If you notice a tendency for these types of behaviors, this doesn’t make you a bad person. ADHD simply makes it difficult to ignore and control the urges that could get you into a legal fix.

Medication, counseling, and social training can help you better manage your impulses and regain control over your daily decisions. 

Adult ADHD Treatment

ADHD isn’t a journey that you have to go on alone.

With the right mix of strategies, such as therapy, support systems, and for some, medication, navigating life often becomes much easier.

Treatment may involve the following:

• Medication: Stimulant medications help regulate brain activity and are often the first treatment choice recommended by doctors.
• Behavioral therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy is a goal-oriented form of psychotherapy that helps replace unhealthy habits and thought patterns with beneficial and productive ones.
• Support groups: ADHD support groups are a safe space for you to share your experiences and learn from people who are also navigating the journey of ADHD.
• ADHD coaching: An ADHD coach can provide tools and advice to help you carry out your daily duties and responsibilities in an organized and timely manner.

A combination of both medications and therapy is proven to be the most effective for many people.

ADHD medications can improve symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Meanwhile, ADHD coaching and therapy can help you understand your condition better and build healthy coping strategies.

You might even learn how to harness your natural creativity, intuitiveness, and resilience. Some of the attributes of ADHD can actually give you an edge!

Treatment Should Not Be Overlooked in Adult ADHD

While adult ADHD cannot be cured, its symptoms can be treated.

The fact is that people with ADHD have the potential for greatness – with or without help. But treatment tilts the odds in your favor, paving a smoother path toward your goals!

The first life-changing decision you can make is getting the right diagnosis.

If you’re concerned that you may have ADHD, you can take ADDA’s ADHD test for adults, which will help you identify signs and symptoms. The results can help you make a more informed decision on the best next steps to improve your quality of life.

References

[1] Choi, W. S., Woo, Y. S., Wang, S. M., Lim, H. K., & Bahk, W. M. (2022). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review. PloS one, 17(11), e0277175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277175

[2] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain Sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[3] Prakash, J., Chatterjee, K., Guha, S., Srivastava, K., & Chauhan, V. S. (2021). Adult attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder: From clinical reality toward conceptual clarity. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_7_21

[4] Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Diaz, S. G., Visser, M. M., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2023). Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a Treatable Condition. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 49(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-023-00077-w

[5] Ginapp, C. M., Macdonald-Gagnon, G., Angarita, G. A., Bold, K. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2022). The lived experiences of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A rapid review of qualitative evidence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 949321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949321

[6] Lesch K. P. (2018). ‘Shine bright like a diamond!’: is research on high-functioning ADHD, at last, entering the mainstream? Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 59(3), 191–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12887

[7] Skodzik, T., Holling, H., & Pedersen, A. (2017). Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(4), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713510561

[8] Helgesson, M., Björkenstam, E., Rahman, S., Gustafsson, K., Taipale, H., Tanskanen, A., Ekselius, L., & Mittendorfer-Rutz, E. (2023). Labour market marginalisation in young adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a population-based longitudinal cohort study in Sweden. Psychological Medicine, 53(4), 1224–1232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002701

[9] Bangma, D. F., Tucha, L., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., & Koerts, J. (2020). Financial decision-making in a community sample of adults with and without current symptoms of ADHD. PloS one, 15(10), e0239343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239343

[10] Anouk Scheres, Balan, M., Paraskevopoulou, M., & Arnt Schellekens. (2024). Preference for Immediate Rewards in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Shared Intermediate Phenotype? Current Addiction Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00558-y

[11] Schoenfelder, E. N., & Kollins, S. H. (2016). Topical Review: ADHD and Health-Risk Behaviors: Toward Prevention and Health Promotion. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(7), 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv162

[12] Pollak, Y., Shoham, R., Anouk Scheres, & Dekkers, T. J. (2023). ADHD and Risk-Taking Behavior: Associations, Mechanisms, and Interventions. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series, 295–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_12

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ADHD-PI, or inattentive type, is one of the three subtypes of ADHD. Its main symptoms involve forgetfulness, disorganization, inattentiveness, and a lack of concentration. ^[1]

Newer research suggests that this form of ADHD is the most common among all three subtypes in adults.^[2] Even so, it is far less recognized and can sometimes be mistaken for a mood or anxiety disorder.

With the proper diagnosis and treatment, people with ADHD-PI can improve their focus and organizational skills, giving them the best shot at success in their careers and academics.

Originally published on May 16th, 2023, this article was updated and republished on September 12th, 2024.

What Is ADHD-PI?

ADHD-PI is a subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, disorganization, and difficulty finishing tasks.

For example, an individual with ADHD-PI may often misplace important items, miss deadlines, mix up work instructions, or have trouble paying attention during conversations.

Because of these behaviors, the person may be seen as a “daydreamer” or “someone who couldn’t care less,” especially if the condition is undiagnosed. But these labels greatly misrepresent the person’s true abilities and struggles.

If ADHD has changed how you approach work or school, it’s important to realize that this does not make you “lazy” or “apathetic.” Science has proven that the unique structure and chemistry of the ADHD brain can make it difficult to pay attention and stay on track.^[3]

But with the right support and treatment, many people with ADHD can let go of those negative labels. They can find ways to manage their symptoms so they can focus when they need to on the things they care about.

Signs of Inattentive ADHD

A person with inattentive type may have symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity. But their main symptoms affect their ability to focus, organize, prioritize, and complete tasks.

If you have inattentive-type ADHD, you may notice the following:^[1]

• Being forgetful in your daily activities and chores (e.g., missing bills or appointments)
• Being easily distracted by your surroundings or unrelated thoughts
• Missing details and making careless mistakes at school or work
• Having difficulty organizing your time, projects, and belongings
• Avoiding work that requires you to focus for extended periods
• Getting distracted or disengaged during conversations
• Forgetting instructions and failing to finish tasks
• Losing items that you need for various activities
• Struggling to stay focused on specific activities

The above symptoms are based on the diagnostic criteria listed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). This widely-adopted resource helps healthcare professionals diagnose mental health conditions more accurately.

How Does ADHD-PI Differ From ADHD?

There are three different subtypes of ADHD, each with different diagnostic criteria and symptom profiles.

They are as follows:^[1]

• Inattentive type: As discussed earlier, the main symptoms of this type involve distractibility, forgetfulness, and a lack of time management or proper prioritization.
• Hyperactive/impulsive type: Individuals with this subtype tend to fidget and have trouble staying seated. They may seem like they’re always on the move and difficult to keep up with. Additionally, they often struggle with self-control and have trouble waiting their turn.
• Combined type: People with combined type show a balanced mix of symptoms of inattention and symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity.

ADHD-PI shares many common features with the other two subtypes. However, the most striking difference is this: Those with predominantly inattentive have fewer symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity (if any at all) compared to those with hyperactive-type or combined-type ADHD.^[1]

In general, there are more women with inattentive ADHD than men, who often exhibit hyperactivity symptoms.

The networks and structure of the brain may also differ from one subtype to the other.^[4]

The medication and treatment for all three subtypes tend to overlap. But there may be slight differences in how to manage each.

For example, your therapist or ADHD coach may focus more on improving attention and memory if you have inattentive type. On the other hand, a person with hyperactive/impulsive type may need more professional support for self-control and regulation.

Diagnosis and Tests for ADHD-PI

Currently, there isn’t one single test to accurately diagnose ADHD. Instead, getting a proper diagnosis involves a process and combination of methods.

According to the DSM-5, a diagnosis for ADHD-PI can be made in adults if the following conditions are met:^[1]

• The individual experiences at least five symptoms of inattentive type ADHD
• The symptoms are continually present for six months or more
• They are significant enough to interfere with how the person functions in social, academic, or work settings
• They show up in at least two areas of the individual’s life, such as at work, school, or while they’re with friends or family
• The symptoms did not appear abruptly in adulthood but have already been present in childhood
• They’re likely not caused by another mental health condition

Your doctor will carefully assess whether your condition and symptoms meet the above criteria.

First, your doctor will likely ask about your symptoms and how they affect your day-to-day life. Additionally, they may also use an ADHD rating scale to determine the extent to which ADHD impacts your daily activities. These rating scales consist of questionnaires about different things, like your experiences at work, social settings, or school.

On top of that, your doctor may request to talk to someone who knew you well as a child, like your parent, teacher, or nanny. That way, they can learn and understand whether you struggled with ADHD as a child.

ADHD in adults can be trickier to spot because of how different it looks compared to ADHD in children. Because of this, it’s best to seek help from a trained professional, like a specialist or psychiatrist, who has experience diagnosing and providing support to adults with the condition.

This enables you to get the most accurate diagnosis, which is a huge step in the right direction. Getting treated for ADHD is a life-changing decision that can empower you to focus on and pursue your ambitions.

Predominantly Inattentive ADHD Treatment Options

You can take an ADHD-PI screening test or seek a doctor’s advice if you think you have this ADHD subtype. After your doctor assesses and evaluates your symptoms, they will be able to help you understand the likely causes of your symptoms.

The right diagnosis opens the door to proper treatment and support, which can lead to better focus, memory, and organization skills.

According to research, the most effective management approach typically involves a combination of both medications and therapy.^[5]

Medications

The most commonly used medications to treat ADHD-PI are divided into two categories:

• Stimulants
• Non-stimulants.

Stimulant medications are generally the first treatment choice because they’re the most effective for many people. They help regulate the levels of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters in your brain.

Your doctor might recommend a long-acting stimulant medication. This preparation can be more convenient and often has a smoother and longer-lasting effect on symptoms.

If stimulant medications don’t work well enough, your healthcare professional may recommend non-stimulant drugs.

Coping Strategies

Apart from medications, you can also manage inattentive type through other methods. These include:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy: CBT guides you in identifying negative behaviors and thinking patterns. You’ll learn how to replace them with positive habits that improve your organization, planning, focus, and communication skills.^[5]
• ADHD coaching: You can collaborate with an ADHD coach to set up personalized structures and strategies that boost your attention and organizational skills.
• Support groups: These communities are a safe, judgment-free zone where you can connect with like-minded people and seek support and advice from those on a similar journey. One such community is the ADDA+ virtual support group for adults.

Other practical coping strategies include body doubling and using productivity timers or apps to keep you on track. Decluttering your workspace and switching up your work environment can help you focus on your tasks.

ADHD Doesn’t Disqualify Success and Productivity

Inattentive-type ADHD is highly treatable. A combination of medications, therapy, and lifestyle changes can help you redirect your attention and tap into your true capabilities.

If you want to learn more about ADHD-PI and other subtypes, check out ADDA+. It’s a one-stop center for expert-curated ADHD resources, tools, courses, and tips. It’s also where you can find a supportive community of peers who can cheer you on as you work toward and achieve your goals!

References

[1] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[2] Ayano, G., Tsegay, L., Gizachew, Y., Necho, M., Yohannes, K., Abraha, M., Demelash, S., Anbesaw, T., & Alati, R. (2023). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe. Psychiatry Research, 328, 115449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115449

[3] Salmi, J., Salmela, V., Salo, E., Mikkola, K., Leppämäki, S., Tani, P., Hokkanen, L., Laasonen, M., Numminen, J., & Alho, K. (2018). Out of focus – Brain attention control deficits in adult ADHD. I, 1692, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.019

[4] Saad, J. F., Griffiths, K., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2020). A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies in the Combined and Inattentive Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2020.00031

[5] Wakelin, C., Willemse, M., & Munnik, E. (2023). A review of recent treatments for adults living with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The South African Journal of Psychiatry: SAJP: the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa, 29, 2152. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2152

The post Exploring ADHD-PI: When Inattention Is the Issue appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

If you relate to this, you may be living with combined type attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

There are three main types of ADHD:

• Predominantly inattentive ADHD (also known as ADHD-PI)
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD
• Combined type ADHD

Combined type ADHD is the least common. Based on recent research, the most prevalent type is predominantly inattentive ADHD, followed by predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD.^[1]

Any kind of adult ADHD diagnosis will likely lead to questions, and that’s perfectly normal.

Learning more about your unique mix of symptoms empowers you to seek the treatment and support you need.

We’ll cover what combined type ADHD looks like in everyday life and how you can manage it through medication and other approaches.

Originally published on December 20th, 2022, this article was updated and republished on September 6th, 2024.

What Is ADHD Combined Type?

Combined type ADHD, or mixed type ADHD, is a neurobehavioral condition that affects your brain and, in turn, your behavior. Combined type ADHD presents with both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms.

The symptoms of ADHD are divided into two main categories: hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms can include fidgeting, interrupting people, and impatience. Inattentive symptoms can include trouble focusing, inability to follow through on tasks, and poor time management.

If you experience symptoms in both categories, you may have combined type ADHD.

A diagnosis can be made based on the criteria outlined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)—a guide that helps healthcare professionals classify and diagnose mental health disorders accurately.

According to the DSM-5 criteria, you may be diagnosed with combined type ADHD if all of the following are met:^[2]

• Five or more symptoms of inattention for at least 6 months
• Five or more symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity for at least 6 months
• Symptoms interfere with your performance at work or school
• Symptoms are present in two or more settings, such as at work, school, or home
• Other mental health disorders, such as anxiety or depression, cannot better explain your symptoms
• Some symptoms were present before the age of 12

Having combined type ADHD does not mean that your ADHD is more severe. 

Instead, the severity of your ADHD depends more on the rating (mild, moderate, or severe) given by your specialist.

Like other types of ADHD, combined type ADHD can be categorized into different severity levels, which are:^[2]

• Mild: Few symptoms are present other than the ones needed to meet the minimum diagnostic criteria. ADHD-related impairment is minimal.
• Moderate: The number of dominant symptoms and degree of impairment lies between “mild” and “severe.”
• Severe: There are many symptoms present, or a few that are particularly severe. Your ADHD symptoms are serious enough to cause significant trouble at work, school, or in social settings.

If you want to know more about ADHD types and talk to people who actually understand you, join ADDA+. It’s a community of individuals just like you who want to share knowledge, swap stories, and learn.

Signs and Symptoms of Combined Type ADHD in Adults

Adults have to display symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in a combined ADHD presentation.

All types of ADHD have a range of symptoms and different intensities. If you have combined type ADHD, you might experience some (or all) of the symptoms in the lists below. You may also notice that some are more prominent than others.

Inattentive Symptoms

Based on the DSM-5, the nine symptoms of inattention in ADHD include:^[2]

• Difficulty focusing on tasks
• Inability to follow through with instructions and complete tasks
• Getting distracted by unrelated thoughts
• Making careless mistakes and overlooking important details
• Difficulty listening when spoken to
• Unable to organize tasks and manage time
• Hesitating to take on tasks that require sustained focus
• Losing important items
• Forgetfulness (missing events, meetings, or deadlines)

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms

The DSM-5 has also outlined the symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD. They include:^[2]

• Fidgeting, tapping your hands and feet, or moving in your seat
• Unable to stay seated
• Feeling restless
• Struggling to stay quiet while participating in activities
• Constantly “on the go” and hard to keep up with
• Talking excessively
• Interrupting others and having trouble waiting your turn in conversations
• Getting impatient when waiting your turn or standing in line
• Intruding on other people’s conversations and activities

Learning about the symptoms can help you separate what’s part of your personality and what’s actually due to your ADHD.

It’s an opportunity to view yourself in a new light –and form better strategies to overcome challenges.

How Combined Type ADHD Is Diagnosed

Both adults and children can be diagnosed with combined type ADHD. Often, this process starts with a visit to a family doctor, who will assess your symptoms.

Sometimes, a primary care provider, like your GP, can diagnose ADHD. However, it’s not unusual for them to refer you to a specialist with expertise in diagnosing and treating adult ADHD. These mental health specialists will likely have more training and experience supporting adult ADHDers.

There’s no single test or method of diagnosing combined-type ADHD. During this process, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and how they affect your daily activities and relationships. They may also use a rating scale, which is a questionnaire that assesses the frequency and severity of your symptoms.

Additionally, they could ask to speak to someone who was close to you as a child, like a parent or teacher. This will help them understand whether you experienced ADHD symptoms as a child.

Once they have the information they need, they can make a more accurate diagnosis.

You may be diagnosed with combined type ADHD if you experience both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity or impulsivity. These include lack of focus, restlessness, poor memory, and being unable to wait your turn. ^[3]

It can feel daunting to reach out and seek a diagnosis. That said, many adult ADHDers who receive a diagnosis find it to be a huge step in the right direction since this provides an explanation for their struggles and allows them to get the help they need.

What Increases Your Risk of Combined Type ADHD?

You might have heard that ADHD is linked to poor parenting. Another common belief is that consuming too many sugary foods can lead to ADHD. These are myths and are not proven by science.

What research has found is that one of the biggest risk factors for combined type ADHD is genetics. This means that it can run in the family. If you have a parent, sibling, or blood relative with the condition, you’re more likely to develop it yourself.^[4]

There are some other possible risk factors for ADHD, which include premature birth and having a disease as a newborn.^[4]

Based on these risk factors, there’s no known way to prevent ADHD from developing in children. That said, it’s a highly treatable condition that can be managed with a mix of medication and ADHD therapy.

Treatment for Combined Type ADHD

While there’s no cure for ADHD, treatment is readily available – and often effective enough to help you thrive and succeed.

Treatment for combined type ADHD usually involves both medication and behavioral therapy and targets symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Your specialist may prescribe any of the following medications to treat your symptoms:^[5]

• Stimulant medications: These are usually the first choice for treating any type of ADHD because they’re effective for most people. Stimulant medications help increase chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) in your brain and regulate brain activity.

• Non-stimulant medications: If you do not respond well to stimulant medications or cannot tolerate their side effects, your doctor might recommend non-stimulant medications instead.

Some non-drug management options for combined-type ADHD in adults include:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT helps you recognize, address, and change habits and thinking patterns that prevent you from achieving your goals. This therapy can help you improve your organization, planning, focus, time management, and problem-solving skills.^[6]

• Mindfulness therapy: Mindfulness-based techniques can help reduce mind-wandering and distractability, enhance attention, and regulate emotions.^[7]

• ADHD support groups: Support groups connect you to people with ADHD, giving you access to helpful advice, encouragement, and comfort from those who understand your struggles. ADDA’s Online Support Group for Beginners is a fantastic place to grow, learn, and journey alongside people who have walked in your shoes.

• ADHD coaching: An ADHD coach works with you to create structures and strategies that help you stay on track, manage your commitments, and hone valuable skills like organization and time management.

Getting the right support and treatment can be life-changing. So, it’s best to get a proper diagnosis from a trained professional, preferably a specialist with experience with adult ADHD.

Combined Type ADHD Is Common and Treatable

Combined type ADHD can be trickier to manage due to its wide range of possible symptoms. But don’t be discouraged by the label on your diagnosis. It isn’t necessarily more severe or disruptive than other types of ADHD.

Keep in mind that treatment and support are readily available. 

Your doctor will work with you to find the best course of action based on your symptoms and treatment goals. And with the right advice and support, you’ll set yourself up for success in your work, school, and relationships.

If you’re concerned that you may have ADHD, you can take ADDA’s ADHD test. This questionnaire helps you recognize the signs of ADHD and determine the best next steps to take.

A proper diagnosis is a step in the right direction to living your life to its fullest!

References

[1] Ayano, G., Tsegay, L., Gizachew, Y., Necho, M., Yohannes, K., Abraha, M., Demelash, S., Anbesaw, T., & Alati, R. (2023). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe. Psychiatry research, 328, 115449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115449

[2] Cabral, M. D. I., Liu, S., & Soares, N. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Translational pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S104–S113. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.08

[3] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[4] Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular psychiatry, 24(4), 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0

[5] Nazarova, V. A., Sokolov, A. V., Chubarev, V. N., Tarasov, V. V., & Schiöth, H. B. (2022). Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Frontiers in pharmacology, 13, 1066988. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988

[6] William, S., Horrocks, M., Richmond, J., Hall, C. L., & French, B. (2024). Experience of CBT in adults with ADHD: a mixed methods study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1341624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1341624

[7] Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., & Philipsen, A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective. Frontiers in psychiatry, 7, 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00117

The post ADHD Combined Type: A Common and Treatable Diagnosis appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

You might be able to do it for a while, but eventually, that ball will surface. Keeping it underwater will take a lot of energy – and the same goes for hiding your ADHD symptoms.

Instead of letting those around you know about your challenges, you may have learned to compensate for them in different ways,

This might include coming up with “reasonable” excuses for being late or distracted. Maybe you tend to suppress stimming behaviors like bouncing your legs or chewing on the end of your pen.

This is what’s known as ADHD masking. 

It happens when a person tries to hide their ADHD symptoms to blend in with the crowd and protect themselves from judgment. This is done by mimicking the behaviors of those around them.

In some instances, it might be a helpful strategy. But it comes at a cost because maintaining the mask is draining and isolating. That’s why it can lead to burnout and affect a person’s mental health.

Read on to learn how to stop ADHD masking and regain your confidence.

Originally published on May 1st, 2023, this article was updated and republished on August 1st, 2024.

Understanding ADHD Masking

Masking is when a person with ADHD acts in a “socially acceptable” way to fit in and form better connections with those around them.

This usually involves camouflaging their symptoms by controlling their impulses, rehearsing responses, and copying the behaviors of those who don’t have ADHD.

Keep in mind that masking does not mean you’re fake or ingenuine. It’s often a learned response based on what society views as “normal.” Many adults with ADHD mask their symptoms to prevent them from interfering with their relationships and social life.

Some people mask unknowingly, while others are aware of it. This ability to adapt socially is usually learned from childhood, which can complicate or delay proper diagnosis.^[1]

Research also suggests that women with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed than men with ADHD due to these compensatory mechanisms and masking behaviors.^[2]

If you’re looking for resources to learn more about ADHD masking, check out ADDA+. It’s a supportive community providing helpful tools, resources, and encouragement to empower you to live your best life.

The Signs Of ADHD Masking

ADHD masking can take many different forms. Knowing what it looks like can help you recognize and understand it better.

In general, you can split masking into two main groups: masking in inattentive-type ADHD and masking in hyperactive-type ADHD.

Examples of ADHD Masking

Different forms of ADHD can lead to different masking symptoms.

For instance, predominantly inattentive ADHD is linked to difficulty focusing, trouble listening during conversations, poor organization, forgetfulness, and a lack of time management.^[3]

One example of ADHD masking for these inattentive-type symptoms is a behavior known as stimming.

ADHD stimming describes a self-soothing or self-stimulating behavior that involves making the same movements, actions, or sounds repeatedly. Examples include rocking back and forth, humming, or grinding your teeth.

ADHD masking by stimming might help improve focus, reduce boredom, and self-soothe.

Apart from stimming, other examples of inattentive ADHD masking include:

• Coming up with excuses for being late or distracted (without harmful intentions)
• Putting in twice the amount of effort and time than others to achieve a goal
• Working extra hard to complete tasks right before the deadline
• Checking your work multiple times before submission
• Focusing intensively during conversations to keep up
• Being extra early to events to avoid being late
• Having multiple alarms and reminders set up
• Writing everything down

Hyperactive-type ADHD typically involves fidgeting, talking excessively, being unable to wait your turn, or being unable to sit still.^[3]

Examples of masking for this form of ADHD may include:

• Staying silent in conversations or being extra cautious with your words
• Suppressing your energy to appear calm
• Suppressing the urge to fidget or stim
• Bottling strong emotions up

Often, masking feels like living with two different personas. The first is for when you’re alone or with those you feel comfortable around, and the other is for when you’re around colleagues, classmates, and other people you don’t know well.

ADHD Masking Vs. Managing ADHD

ADHD masking isn’t always bad. Certain coping strategies, like fidgeting, may be harmless and maybe even useful if they help with symptoms.

Masking can result in a person learning to adapt and function better in their work, relationships, and at home. This can help prevent your life from getting derailed by your symptoms (not just hiding or denying them).

These coping strategies can help manage ADHD, but it’s important to note that they develop due to a person adapting to mask their symptoms.

Here are some examples of healthy compensation mechanisms of masking:

• Making it a point to listen actively during conversations, especially with a partner or loved one
• Setting multiple reminders to ensure you remember important work and family events
• Jotting down ideas or important things to remember whenever they come into mind
• Decluttering and organizing your workspace to help you focus

Consequences Of Masking

For many people, masking takes a lot of mental and emotional energy. Like swimming with that beach ball, it isn’t easy.

Other issues can include:

• Having trouble finding support when facing ADHD-related challenges
• Complicating or delaying a diagnosis, leading to untreated ADHD^[4]
• Developing anxiety and depression from undiagnosed ADHD
• Having trouble differentiating what’s real and what’s an act
• Having perfectionist tendencies and lower self-esteem
• Feeling burnout from having to act a certain way ^[5]
• Becoming anxious or tense around other people
• Feeling alone or isolated

It’s best to assess how masking impacts you and identify which behaviors are helpful and which are harmful. For example, learning how to organize your workplace might be frustrating at first, but it can lead to better focus and work performance.

On the other hand, if certain forms of masking have taken a toll on your mental health, unmasking may be the best decision to make. It can be daunting, but it’s a change that many ADHDers don’t regret making.

It’s still important to have your ADHD professionally diagnosed and treated, as this can help lighten the mental load of masking. And there are plenty of ADHD resources and avenues for support that can help you.

What Is ADHD Masking Burnout?

ADHD masking takes a lot of time and energy. You may also constantly worry that someone might find out you’re “putting on a show.”

In the long run, ADHD masking might lead to burnout symptoms, including:

• Feeling exhausted for no apparent reason
• Experiencing anxiety or depression
• Turning to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as alcohol
• Having strained social relationships and keeping yourself isolated

How Can Unmasking Help?

When you unmask, you allow your friends and family to understand your ADHD challenges and support you better. This makes it easier for you to seek support and encouragement when you need it.

It also reduces the emotional and mental weight of having to act and talk a specific way whenever you’re around people.

For some people, unmasking gets them closer to an accurate diagnosis. It can also be the first step to building greater self-love and confidence.

Just remember to be patient and compassionate with yourself during the process.

5 Tips To Help You Unmask Your ADHD

You don’t have to unveil your true persona in every situation. That can feel overwhelming. Instead, decide who you feel comfortable unmasking for. Then, you can develop a gradual plan to do so.

Here are five tips to help you out with unmasking your ADHD:

1. Identify when and why you mask your symptoms. Many ADHDers mask unknowingly. Try to be aware of how you behave around certain groups of people. Identify situations that cause discomfort, and reflect on why your mask goes up. This allows you to assess all your masking behaviors and differentiate helpful from harmful ones.
2. Explore alternatives for unhealthy masking behaviors.There are ways to manage your symptoms without masking. For example, if loud parties and large gatherings drain you, make it a point to leave the event earlier instead of completely rejecting invites. Or, if you tend to suppress all your emotions, try to talk to a therapist to learn how to acknowledge and regulate them better.
3. Don’t be afraid to speak about your ADHD challenges. Inform your closest friends and family members about your struggles with ADHD. Then, gradually move on to your other relationships. You can also ask those around you to help spot and point out your usual masking behaviors so you’re more aware of when they happen.
4. Understand that you don’t have to journey alone. Living with ADHD can sometimes feel like an isolated and lonely path. By connecting with other ADHDers, you can seek support, encouragement, and advice from others who have been down the same road. ADDA’s virtual support groups can help you find an online community where you can express yourself without judgment.
5. Seek professional treatment and support. ADHD medications can improve symptom management. Additionally, therapy can help you learn how to replace self-limiting thoughts with healthier, self-motivating ones. An ADHD therapist or ADHD coach can also help you improve your organization, prioritization, and time management skills.

Balancing The Double-Edged Sword Of ADHD Masking

Unhealthy masking behaviors often lead to burnout. One of the best ways to prevent this is by helping others see the world through the lens of your brain. This can relieve the pressure of putting on a show and help you build a support system for when you need one.

Ultimately, what people think of you doesn’t have to hold you back from living a happy and fulfilling life with ADHD. Remember to celebrate your strengths and victories.

References

[1] Kosaka, H., Fujioka, T., & Jung, M. (2019). Symptoms in individuals with adult-onset ADHD are masked during childhood. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 269(6), 753–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0893-3

[2] Young, S., Adamo, N., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hill, P. S., Hollingdale, J., Kilic, O., Lloyd, T., Mason, P. W., Paliokosta, E., Perecherla, S., Sedgwick, J., Skirrow, C., . . . Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

[3] de la Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain sciences, 10(5), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050292

[4] Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Diaz, S. G., Visser, M. M., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2023). Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a Treatable Condition. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 49(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-023-00077-w

[5] Ginapp, C. M., Greenberg, N. R., Macdonald-Gagnon, G., Angarita, G. A., Bold, K. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2023). The experiences of adults with ADHD in interpersonal relationships and online communities: A qualitative study. SSM – Qualitative Research in Health, 3, 100223.

The post ADHD Masking: Does Hiding Your Symptoms Help or Harm? appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

For non-ADHDers, this state of flow is an enjoyable or productive way to spend time. However, for those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), periods of hyperfixation can be both a blessing and a curse.

You’ll gain deep knowledge and experience in the subject or activity (positive). But you’ll also find yourself completely disengaged from everything else around you (problem).

ADHD hyperfixation isn’t an official symptom of ADHD. In fact, it sounds contradictory to what ADHD is most widely known for – inattention and a lack of focus.^[1]

As you learn more about this condition, you’ll discover that ADHD isn’t actually an attention-deficit disorder. It’s more of an attention-abundance disorder. The challenge lies in learning to regulate and control it.

When this wealth of attention isn’t managed well, you can experience what’s known as ADHD hyperfixation.

The good news is that you can learn to recognize hyperfixation and find ways to keep it in check!

Originally published on March 20th, 2023, this post was updated and republished on July 12th, 2024. 

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What Is ADHD Hyperfixation?

ADHD hyperfixation refers to a strong and prolonged interest in or focus on something. In this state, the person typically becomes oblivious to everything else. They become completely absorbed in the subject or activity at hand.

Hyperfixation typically happens with things the individual enjoys or finds fascinating. This could be a hobby, activity, TV show, person, video game, or even a specific type of food.

In a state of ADHD hyperfixation, you become oblivious to the passing of time and what’s happening around you.

When you’re jolted back into reality, you may find yourself disoriented by your surroundings, like falling out of a “trance.” It may also take a while to regain your bearings and readjust to “real life.”

People with ADHD tend to experience this heightened state of focus more intensely and frequently.^[2]

And if you have ADHD, you’re more likely to fixate on something enjoyable or rewarding. This happens because ADHD changes how your brain perceives reward and gratification.^[2]

If you’re struggling with an ADHD fixation, remember that this does not make you a “lazy” or “irresponsible” adult.

The ADHD brain is wired to process information differently from the non-ADHD brain. This affects how you experience time and seek motivation.

Why Do People Hyperfixate?

Anyone can experience hyperfixation from time to time.

When you’re doing something you really enjoy, it’s easy to lose track of time and become so engrossed that everything else fades away.

However, research has found that these episodes are more frequent and intense in those with certain traits or conditions.^[2]

The following can cause or contribute to hyperfixation:

• ADHD: The ADHD brain naturally has lower levels of a chemical messenger called dopamine. It is responsible for pleasure and motivation. When you do something stimulating, your brain becomes drawn to the activity. This makes switching to less exciting yet necessary tasks harder, leading to hyperfixation.
• Autism: Intense interests can help people with autism find enjoyment and cope with daily life. Repeating these activities may provide a sense of comfort and security.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): In OCD, a person typically experiences recurring thoughts and takes part in repetitive behaviors. If you have OCD, you might find that you’re constantly engaging in the same repetitive behaviors to ease your anxiety or fears.^[3]
• Anxiety and fears: When affected by anxiety, you might become hyperfixated on specific worries. It is also possible to become hyperfixated on a hobby or interest as a way to fight your fearful thoughts and escape reality.
• Low mood or depression: Hyperfixation can be a coping mechanism if you have depression. Focusing on something enjoyable helps distract you from unpleasant thoughts or feelings.

There are various possible causes of hyperfixation. It’s important to get your symptoms checked out by a healthcare professional.

Your doctor will be able to conduct a more thorough examination and pinpoint the most likely cause of your hyperfixation.

You can also track when your hyperfixations happen the most.

For some people, anxiety and worry can cause them to focus entirely on something fun, like a new video game or movie, to escape real life.

Meanwhile, others may experience this phenomenon when they forget to set alarms or reminders. This allows time blindness to kick in, making it hard to track how much time they’ve spent on something.

ADHD Hyperfixation Vs. Hyperfocus

The terms ADHD hyperfixation and ADHD hyperfocus are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to two distinct phenomena.

ADHD hyperfixation refers to an intense and prolonged state of focus on a particular activity or object. This may lead to happiness, satisfaction, and, at times, increased productivity.

However, if it is not well managed, the person may invest more time and effort than they can afford. They may neglect their personal needs, tasks, and daily responsibilities.

People with ADHD are more likely to experience hyperfixation compared to non-ADHDers.

On the other hand, ADHD hyperfocus refers to being deeply focused on a certain task or activity. Anyone can tap into this “flow state.” When this happens, they become fully engaged with a task without inner worries, fatigue, or boredom.^{[2] , [4]}

Research also shows that this can increase productivity and is often linked to feelings of accomplishment.^[4]

While these two phenomena may be similar in some ways, hyperfixation is fueled by an intense passion or interest in the activity. In contrast, hyperfocus is task-driven and often accompanied by clear goals and a strong sense of direction.

ADHD hyperfixation can be challenging to control and regulate. On the other hand, with hyperfocus, you can deliberately induce a “flow state” and tap in and out of it as you wish.^[4]

Is Hyperfixation a Symptom of ADHD? 

Hyperfixation is not an official symptom of ADHD that counts toward a diagnosis. That said, this experience can be associated with ADHD.

Say you get easily hyperfixated and this interferes with your daily life. In this case, it’s best to get your symptoms assessed by a mental health professional, as it could be a sign of ADHD or another condition like autism or OCD.

Hyperfixation Examples And Signs

Uncontrolled ADHD fixation can cause an unhealthy obsession or addiction to a hobby, activity, or object. This is commonly associated with the following signs:^[2]

• Losing track of time
• Becoming detached from their surroundings
• Neglecting roles and responsibilities
• Ignoring personal needs
• Struggling to stop or switch activities
• Getting caught up with minor details

Hyperfixation manifests differently from one person to another. Someone with ADHD can be engrossed in a hobby like knitting or painting or a random activity like watching the clouds.

At times, this hyperfixation may be helpful. A person who becomes wholly engaged with a work activity or task may spend hours completing it without getting distracted.

On the other hand, hyperfixation can interfere with daily tasks and responsibilities. For example, a person who becomes too caught up in an activity may forget to eat, shower, or finish important work.

Essentially, the overflow of attention tied to adult ADHD isn’t necessarily a liability. In fact, you can use it to your advantage! When you learn to steer your attention better, you can maintain eagle-eye focus on the task at hand and achieve your goals.

How To Stop Hyperfixation And Redirect Your Attention

You can overcome ADHD hyperfixation with professional support and the right strategies.

Here’s how you can effectively manage your attention and make the most out of it.

Set Healthy Boundaries

If you realize that a particular hobby or interest takes up more and more of your time, try to set clear-cut time limits for these activities.

Here’s how you can set proper boundaries:

• Write out a daily or weekly time limit for the activities or hobbies you get fixated on.
• Set reminders and alarms to go off based on your allocated time limits. This can help alert you if you’ve spent too much time on one activity.
• Set a time of day when these activities are allowed. For instance, you may schedule them toward the end of the day to ensure that you stay focused when working or studying.
• Determine the conditions you’ll allow yourself to participate in these activities. For instance, you can only start them once you’ve worked on your chores or after you’ve set a timer.
• Ask friends and family to keep you accountable by checking in with you.

Schedule Consistent Breaks

Incorporate breaks frequently into activities you get fixated on.

Schedule a 5 to 10-minute break for every 30-minute block of time you spend on your favorite pastimes. During this break, you can make a snack, take a quick walk, or do something that helps shift your focus off the activity.

Taking yourself out of what you were doing can prevent an over-immersion in the activity. Plus, it may help realign your perception of time and reality.

Explore New Skills And Interests

By diversifying your pool of hobbies, you’re less likely to become overly fixated on one specific activity.

Challenge yourself by trying a new sport, picking up a foreign language, or learning a musical instrument. Getting involved in volunteer work is another great way to find enjoyment and fulfillment.

When trying something new, it’s a good idea to approach it with healthy boundaries already in place.

Seek Advice And Support

With a solid support system and professional advice, you can learn to manage your time and resources more efficiently.

Working with an ADHD coach can open up a safe space to discuss different strategies. You can learn to avoid hyperfixation triggers, set solid boundaries, and prioritize daily activities.

In addition, your healthcare professional may recommend cognitive behavioral training (CBT). This can help you manage your ADHD hyperfixation and other ADHD-related symptoms. CBT is a form of talk therapy that can boost motivation and focus and help you address habits affecting your productivity and progress.

If you’re interested in becoming part of a community, try joining an ADHD support group. For example, ADDA’s productivity support group is a great place to reach out for tips on time management.

You can also explore a wide range of virtual support groups that cater to people from different walks of life. These communities allow you to connect and seek advice from other ADHDers who can journey alongside you.

Use Tools And Resources

When tackling ADHD hyperfixation, effective time management becomes key.

You can use many different ADHD management tools and resources. By leveraging these tools, you’ll maximize your productivity, stay focused, and manage your time more effectively.

For instance, you can use a time management app to create a daily schedule with time blocks for work and play.

Additionally, you can try the Pomodoro Technique using a simple timer. This widely-used time management method breaks activities into intervals separated by short breaks.

A productivity app, like Todoist or Remember the Milk, can help you keep track of your daily to-dos. This will ensure you complete all you need to before diving into leisure activities.

ADHD Hyperfixation Doesn’t Have To Be Your Productivity Killer

Hyperfixation is a common experience in ADHDers. This typically happens when they engage in activities that they find interesting.

That said, the tendency to hyperfixate doesn’t mean you have to quit activities you enjoy. What’s important is having the right boundaries, support system, and strategies to keep these interests from taking over your life.

If you’re looking for a multi-faceted approach to managing your ADHD hyperfixation (and other symptoms), join the ADDA+ community. Through ADDA+, you’ll gain access to expert-driven resources, live events, and a community of supportive peers to help you along your journey.

References

[1] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[2] Ashinoff, B. K., & Abu-Akel, A. (2021). Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention. Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung, 85(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8

[3] National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. Www.nimh.nih.gov; National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

[4] Van Der Linden, D., Tops, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2021). The Neuroscience of the Flow State: Involvement of the Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine System. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645498

The post ADHD & Hyperfixation: The Phenomenon of Extreme Focus appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Those symptoms form a core part of ADHD. But there’s so much more to ADHD than what meets the eye.

The ADHD iceberg is an analogy representing the visible and invisible symptoms of ADHD.

Above the water, the tip of the iceberg represents the external symptoms of ADHD many people recognize. Meanwhile, a much larger piece lies unseen beneath the water, representing the hidden struggles and challenges of ADHD that many aren’t aware of.

Visualizing an iceberg can help loved ones understand the full impact of ADHD on someone’s life.

If you have ADHD, the iceberg can be a good reminder to practice self-compassion when facing the unique challenges related to this disorder.

ADHD is complex and goes beyond inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity.

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Originally published on January 9th, 2023, this article was updated and republished on May 29th, 2024.

The External and Visible Symptoms of ADHD

These tell-tale signs of ADHD are what specialists look out for when diagnosing someone.

The external symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Symptoms of inattention in adults with ADHD include the following:^[1]

• Difficulty remaining focused (especially during routine or repetitive tasks)
• Missing details and making careless mistakes
• Trouble listening in conversations
• Difficulty organizing and prioritizing tasks
• Lacking time management skills
• Failing to meet deadlines
• Trouble following through with instructions and completing tasks
• Avoiding tasks that require maintained focus
• Losing important items needed for work, school, or tasks
• Easily distracted by unrelated stimuli

Symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD include:^[1]

• Fidgeting, squirming while seated, tapping hands and feet, and other forms of stimming
• Leaving seat when inappropriate (e.g., in meetings and lectures)
• Moving all the time
• Blurting out answers and completing other people’s sentences
• Interrupting others
• Trouble waiting for their turn
• Intruding in other people’s conversations or activities
• Talking excessively

There are three types of ADHD:

• Predominantly inattentive
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
• Combined type ADHD

The symptoms you experience depend on how your ADHD presents. For example, someone with predominantly inattentive ADHD will show more signs of inattention, including trouble with focus, organization, and prioritization.

All three types of ADHD can be disruptive in various areas of life.

For example, ADHD can cause a person to miss deadlines, forget meetings, and make careless mistakes at work.

At home, ADHD can make it challenging to complete house chores, pay bills on time, and keep the house organized and neat.

The external symptoms of ADHD can also manifest in relationships. Interrupting people in conversations and forgetting special dates may cause relationship issues.

These core symptoms are often quickly noticed and linked to ADHD. However, there are many other aspects of ADHD that other people may not see or recognize.

The Invisible and Internal Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD is widely associated with being hyperactive and impulsive. This is common in children with ADHD, but the same may not apply to adults.

As a person ages, symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity can become more internalized. For example, external fidgeting may turn into inner restlessness and an inability to relax.

The ADHD iceberg explains the symptoms and struggles that non-ADHDers may not see or understand. These are represented by the lower portion of the ADHD iceberg hidden beneath the water.

The following are some of the internal and invisible symptoms of ADHD:

• Poor emotional regulation: Adults with ADHD may have a low frustration tolerance, higher irritability, and regular mood swings.^[2] They may also have a short fuse and lose their temper quickly.

• Time blindness: Time blindness makes it difficult to estimate time. Due to this, ADHDers may struggle with estimating how long it takes to complete their tasks and show up either late or too early for events.

• Decision paralysis: Also known as ADHD paralysis or analysis paralysis, decision paralysis happens when too much information, noise, or clutter overwhelms the ADHD brain. This causes the person to freeze when faced with a decision.

• Hypersensitivity: ADHD hypersensitivity may be physical or emotional. Adults with ADHD feel their emotions very strongly and may be more affected by negative comments or rejection.Physical hypersensitivity happens when a person with ADHD cannot filter out surrounding sounds, lights, or stimuli. As a result, everything around them can become a distraction.

• Low self-esteem: People with ADHD may feel unable to meet expectations in their work, school, or relationships. This, in combination with discouraging comments and criticism, could lead to lower self-confidence.^[3]

• Sleep problems: Many ADHDers deal with sleeping problems, such as difficulty falling asleep and waking up frequently in the middle of the night. They may also experience restless sleep, breathing difficulties, nightmares, shorter sleeping times, daytime sleepiness, and anxiousness around bedtime.^[4]

• Co-existing conditions: Research estimates that up to 80% of adults with ADHD have one or more co-existing mental health issues. Examples include depression, anxiety, mood disorders, and personality disorders.^[5]

• Weaker executive functioning: Executive functions refer to the mental skills that help us think flexibly, remember details, control our focus, and juggle multiple tasks. People with ADHD may have weaker executive functioning, leading to trouble with organizing, prioritizing, and planning. They may also have trouble recalling details and solving problems.

• Missing motivation: Because of a difference in the chemistry of an ADHD brain, ADHDers may struggle with finding the motivation to start or complete tasks they’re not interested in. This makes it harder for a person with ADHD to feel that rush of excitement or sense of accomplishment when they successfully finish a task.^[6]

How ADHD Symptoms Evolve From Childhood To Adulthood

It’s natural for your ADHD symptoms to evolve. The symptoms of ADHD in childhood can look very different from those experienced as an adult.

Children are more likely to show external symptoms of hyperactivity, which is why ADHD is easier to spot in younger kids than adults.

In the late teenage years and adulthood, there will be a decline in these obvious symptoms of hyperactivity, making ADHD harder to recognize.

On top of that, adults with ADHD are more likely to experience the “hidden” symptoms of ADHD compared to children. These include sleep problems, low self-esteem, and co-existing depression or anxiety issues.^[7]

Why Adult ADHD Is Complex: The Uniqueness of Adult ADHD

There are several reasons why adult ADHD is tricky to recognize and diagnose:

• Adult ADHD falls on a spectrum, meaning that this condition can look very different from one adult to another.^[8] Some adults struggle more with focus and memory, while others struggle to regulate their emotions.
• Adult ADHDers may have developed coping mechanisms to make up for their lack of focus, which can mask their symptoms.^[8]
• Apart from this, co-occurring conditions, such as anxiety and depression, are more likely to affect adult ADHDers. Some of these conditions share overlapping symptoms with ADHD, complicating its diagnosis.^[8]

As you learn more about adult ADHD, it becomes easier to spot this condition in yourself or your loved ones. If a diagnosis is made, adult ADHD is highly treatable with various options, including medications and therapy.

Internal Struggles of ADHD Should Not Be Overlooked

ADHD can lead to internal challenges that those around you may not see. These invisible struggles are just as real and important to tackle.

In general, there are several ways to address both the internal and external symptoms of ADHD. They are as follows:

• ADHD medications: The first line of treatment typically includes stimulant medications. These medications help balance the levels of chemical messengers in your brain, reducing symptoms.
• Non-drug therapy: Certain ADHD therapies can also enhance the efficacy of your management plan. This may include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy that helps you replace unhealthy thinking patterns with better ones.
• Coaching: An ADHD coach can help you develop life skills and strategies to overcome daily challenges. For instance, they can guide you in creating a daily routine for better time management.

You don’t have to navigate your ADHD struggles alone. If you haven’t already, talk to your healthcare provider about diagnosis and treatment. Then, check out our resources for adults with ADHD.

The ADHD Iceberg: Unveiling Hidden Challenges And Superpowers

ADHD presents many unique challenges, but they don’t have to hold you back from your dreams and ambitions. With the proper support, tools, and strategies, you’ll be well-equipped to navigate both the external and internal struggles of ADHD.

Plus, the ADHD iceberg doesn’t only refer to challenges. There are many hidden ADHD superpowers that many people—including yourself—haven’t discovered yet.

Empathy, hyperfocus, problem-solving, and entrepreneurship are just a few of the hidden strengths many ADHDers possess. By exploring and nurturing these strengths, you can leverage them to achieve your life goals.

Dealing with ADHD may feel like a lonely path. But you can change this. Through ADDA+, you can connect with other adult ADHDers in support groups who understand both the external and hidden struggles of ADHD.

ADDA+ also offers many valuable resources designed by experts to help you regain control over your life.

References

[1] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[2] Beheshti, A., Chavanon, M. L., & Christiansen, H. (2020). Emotion dysregulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2442-7

[3] Cook, J., Knight, E., Hume, I., & Qureshi, A. (2014). The self-esteem of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the literature. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, 6(4), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0133-2

[4] Hvolby A. (2015). Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: implications for treatment. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0151-0

[5] Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 302. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3

[6] Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308

[7]Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Ginsberg, Y., Haavik, J., Kuntsi, J., Larsson, H., Lesch, K.-P., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Réthelyi, J. M., Ribases, M., & Reif, A. (2018). Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(10), 1059–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001

[8] Mahadevan, J., Kandasamy, A., & Benegal, V. (2019). Situating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the externalizing spectrum: Etiological, diagnostic, and treatment considerations. Indian journal of psychiatry, 61(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_549_18

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The increased exposure has many people wondering if ADHD is overdiagnosed. Maybe you’re concerned whether you got the right diagnosis yourself.

Fortunately, there are steps you can take to ensure you get an accurate diagnosis for your symptoms. This will open the door to treatment to help you overcome challenges and achieve your goals.

The Debate Around the Overdiagnosis of ADHD

The prevalence of ADHD has grown from 6.1% to over 10% in 20 years. As a result, some experts have become concerned about the overdiagnosis of ADHD.^[1]

There are several possible reasons why ADHD may be overdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, including the following:^[2]

• Use of long-term recall in diagnosis: Your doctor needs to determine that ADHD was present during childhood to diagnose ADHD. This process uses long-term recall, which may be inaccurate or influenced by your current experience.
• Reliance on psychological assessments: There is no single test to diagnose ADHD. The diagnosis can be made using a mix of psychological testing and rating scales. But these can sometimes lead to false positives (saying that ADHD is present when it isn’t.)
• Increase in ADHD awareness: An increase in awareness may lead to more people seeking a diagnosis for ADHD, even if they don’t have the condition. There could also be pressure for a quick solution. This might cause doctors to prescribe treatment without doing a thorough examination.
• Overlooking a different diagnosis: Other conditions can cause poor attention and focus, not just ADHD. Examples include depression and anxiety disorders, which might be misdiagnosed as ADHD.

These reasons explain why ADHD might be mistakenly diagnosed even when it’s not present. However, by seeking the assessment of an experienced medical professional, you can significantly reduce the risk of this.

Some facts are no longer considered up for debate by those who study ADHD. Presentation and symptoms can be very different in adulthood than in childhood, yet ADHD is a life-long condition. And each person has a unique set of symptoms, some easier for clinicians to observe than others.

For example, inattentive ADHD is more likely to be overlooked, which particularly impacts women’s ability to be diagnosed and access treatment.

If you think you might have symptoms of ADHD, look for an expert with experience helping people like you.

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ADHD Misdiagnosis and Its Implications

In some cases, symptoms of ADHD and other conditions may overlap. This can cause confusion and a misdiagnosis.

Take, for example, depression, which is linked to difficulty concentrating and remembering details, as well as restlessness.^[3] These symptoms are similar to those of ADHD. As a result, your depression may be wrongly diagnosed as ADHD or vice versa.

An incorrect diagnosis might cause you to receive ineffective medications and treatment. This makes it harder to manage the challenges you face in your work, school, or social life. That’s why it’s crucial to get an accurate diagnosis.

If you’re concerned, you can seek a second opinion from a medical professional specializing in mental health.

The Reality of ADHD Underdiagnosis

ADHD can be overdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. But the reality is that there’s a much higher chance of it being underdiagnosed in the adult population.

Research suggests that less than 20% of adults with the condition are appropriately diagnosed and treated for their symptoms.^[4]

This risk of an underdiagnosis is even higher in women with ADHD.

There are several possible explanations as to why ADHD is likely underdiagnosed in adults, especially women:^[4]

• Predominantly inattentive ADHD is the most common among adults. These symptoms of inattention are more subtle and easier to mask. So adults are less likely to seek help for them.
• Adults, especially women, tend to develop compensatory mechanisms to mask their ADHD. Some examples include showing up early to appointments or only going out in big groups to avoid standing out.
• Healthcare professionals might not be well-versed in how adult ADHD presents. That’s because the focus of this condition has typically been on young boys. ADHD in adults can look very different from that in young children, which can lead to a missed ADHD diagnosis.
• There is a symptom overlap between ADHD and other medical conditions. ADHD might be misdiagnosed in adults for something else, like a mood disorder.
• ADHD often co-exists with other conditions. Adults who have been diagnosed with a co-existing condition might not go on to get assessed for ADHD.
• Childhood ADHD needs to be present for a diagnosis. However, adults may have trouble recalling their past struggles and challenges. On top of that, doctors may only look for obvious signs of ADHD in childhood, such as failing a subject. Subtle symptoms, like excessive time spent studying or procrastination, may be missed.

Due to these reasons, adult ADHD can be overlooked.

That said, the more you learn about ADHD, the better educated and empowered you’ll be to get the proper diagnosis for yourself or a loved one.

Ensuring Accurate Diagnosis in Adults

You can take some steps to ensure you’re diagnosed correctly for your symptoms.

To get a proper ADHD diagnosis, the best thing to do is to seek an evaluation and assessment from a qualified professional with the necessary credentials and certifications. This may be a psychiatrist or psychologist.

They should also have training and experience in diagnosing and treating ADHD, specifically in adults.

You can always ask your healthcare professional about their training and experience in adult ADHD. Most clinicians will be happy to provide this information.

The following are ways you can go about finding a qualified professional:

• Ask your primary healthcare provider for a referral
• Seek recommendations from members of an ADHD support group or community
• Get a list of recommendations from your insurance provider
• Look online for a professional directory, such as the one provided by ADDA

Ideally, the medical professional you choose should also have training in cultural sensitivity.

Considering Comorbidities

One factor that might affect your ADHD diagnosis is the presence of a co-existing condition.

Researchers have found that up to 80% of adults with ADHD have also reported another comorbid mental health condition. So it isn’t unusual for an adult ADHDer to also struggle with something else, like depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder.^[5]

Your doctor should screen for any co-existing conditions when assessing your symptoms because these conditions may sometimes affect how ADHD symptoms present. If there are any comorbidities, they should be addressed alongside your ADHD.

Life After Diagnosis: What Next?

If you have ADHD, your healthcare team will work with you to build a personalized management plan. This may include:

• Medications
• ADHD therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• ADHD coaching
• Support group for adult ADHDers

Your doctor may also walk you through lifestyle modifications that can help. For instance, having a regular sleep schedule or modifying your diet may help reduce symptoms related to ADHD.

The Right Diagnosis Can Make All the Difference

Seeking the correct diagnosis for your symptoms can be overwhelming. But it’s a massive step in the right direction, and it will help you get the help you need.

Whether you have ADHD or another condition, proper treatment empowers you to achieve your goals and build meaningful relationships with those you love.

If you want to learn more about ADHD, ADDA+ has all the resources and tools you need.

Through ADDA+, you’ll gain access to a community of supportive adult ADHDers who understand your challenges. You’ll also have the opportunity to learn more about the condition through expert-driven resources, webinars, and online courses.

References

[1] Abdelnour, E., Jansen, M. O., & Gold, J. A. (2022). ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis? Missouri Medicine, 119(5), 467–473.

[2] Paris, J., Bhat, V., & Thombs, B. (2015). Is Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Being Overdiagnosed?. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 60(7), 324–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000705

[3] National Institute of Mental Health. (2023, September). Depression. National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression

[4] Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Diaz, S. G., Visser, M. M., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2023). Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a Treatable Condition. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 49(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-023-00077-w

[5] Choi, W. S., Woo, Y. S., Wang, S. M., Lim, H. K., & Bahk, W. M. (2022). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review. PloS one, 17(11), e0277175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277175

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You might feel like you’re wasting time talking about topics no one cares about just to be polite. Or perhaps your conversations are awkward because you don’t know when or how to jump in.

But when you don’t engage in small talk, others may think of you as awkward, shy, or disinterested. Sometimes, you may even appear plain rude to them.

Plus, without any communication and interaction, it can be hard to get to know those around you and build deeper relationships.

While it can feel uncomfortable, avoiding small talk altogether might make you fear it even more. However, with practice, you can overcome this fear and minimize the impact of ADHD on your conversational skills.

Originally published on November 23rd, 2021, this post was updated and republished on March 22nd, 2024.

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What Is Small Talk?

Small talk serves as a conversation starter for people who don’t know each other well. It’s a polite conversation involving light and unimportant topics you’d typically engage in for a few minutes.

This kind of conversation can occur anywhere, but most people engage in it at work, university, parties, and gatherings.

While the topics are trivial, small talk can play an essential role in helping to build rapport. It acts as a bridge between your first “hi” and a deeper connection with the person you’re talking to.

Symptoms of ADHD and Small Talk

With ADHD, small talk can be tricky. That’s because certain symptoms of ADHD can impact your conversations with other people.

Here are some symptoms that might affect the way you communicate and participate in small talk:^[1]

• Interrupting others, finishing their sentences, and blurting out answers
• Unintentionally saying things that might be hurtful to the other person
• Getting distracted or drifting away during conversations
• Going off-topic during conversations
• Having trouble waiting for your turn to speak
• Talking excessively or too quickly

Being aware of which symptoms affect your conversations the most can be beneficial. Understanding these social challenges will help you create tailored strategies to overcome them.

How To Make Small Talk with ADHD

You may worry about being socially awkward due to adult ADHD.

The following tips are small, actionable steps that can help you improve your conversational skills:

• Have topics prepared in advance. Some common small topics include sports, work, food, travel, and hobbies.
• Practice small talk with a friend. Get your friend or family member to role-play a stranger so you can practice starting and holding a conversation with them.
• Join a community or ADHD support group. These groups can serve as a safe space for you to get accustomed to chatting with strangers in a group setting.
• Take advantage of opportunities to create small talk. Instead of avoiding social situations, step outside your comfort zone and practice your social skills. For instance, you could initiate a chat with a colleague you bump into in the breakroom.

Most importantly, try to be compassionate and understanding toward yourself.

A few awkward conversations here and there are perfectly normal. With time and practice, anyone can learn to build their confidence and social skills.

10 Steps to Hold a Good Conversation With ADHD

Starting and holding a conversation with someone you don’t know well can be challenging.

Let’s explore how to start on the right foot and hold conversations that flow naturally.

1. Initiate With Confidence

A warm smile, firm handshake, and friendly “Hello” can help you welcome the other person into a conversation. If you don’t know the other person’s name, simply remind them of yours.

2. Foster Reciprocity through Inquiry and Comments

A lot of people enjoy talking about themselves and their experiences. A great way to get a conversation rolling is to ask general questions about the other person.

Examples include, “Have you tried any new restaurants around here lately?” or “How long have you been working at your company?”

3. Develop the Discussion

Listen actively to what the other person says, then build your discussion by asking more or adding your own comments.

You can ask them to tell you more about the topic or ask a follow-up question. For example, you can ask about the food, ambiance, or service of the new restaurant the person tried.

4. Find and Build on Common Interests

You can join volunteer groups, clubs, sports teams, and other activities you’re interested in. This allows you to connect with people with similar interests and experiences, making it easier to have fun conversations.

5. Listen Actively and Respond Thoughtfully

Conversations are a two-way street, and listening is key to a good conversation.

Here are a few tips to help you listen actively and reduce distractions during a conversation:

• Turn your body to the speaker and nod to show you’re paying attention
• Repeat or paraphrase what the speaker says occasionally during the conversation
• Put away any distractions, such as your mobile phone
• Maintain good eye contact with the other person

6. Encourage With Supportive Interjections

Short comments let the speaker know you’re listening and encourage them to continue. Don’t overthink it. You can use simple comments like, “Exactly,” “I can see that,” or “You’re right about that.”

7. Observe and Understand Nonverbal Cues

Body language and tone of voice make up a considerable part of the conversation. From time to time, observe the other person’s body language.

You can look for signs that the other person is uncomfortable, such as avoiding eye contact or turning their body away from you. This will give you more information on whether to continue the conversation or step back.

8. Mind Your Tone and Body Language

Your stance, tone, and body positioning can help you appear confident, friendly, and welcoming.

Remind yourself to slow down and speak clearly. Be careful of your tone of voice as well. For example, “I can’t believe you did that!” can come across as praise or condescending.

Leaning in slightly, maintaining eye contact, and keeping your arms relaxed can also help the other person feel more comfortable and engaged.

9. Maintain Momentum With Curiosity

Be curious, but don’t interrogate. Ask thoughtful questions and add bridging comments like “Oh, I’ve never heard of that. I’d love to know more.”

10. Commit to Practice

Building your conversation skills with ADHD takes time and practice. Set yourself a goal to practice once a day. This can happen anywhere, whether you’re at a family dinner, work, or getting a coffee.

Building and Maintaining Friendships With ADHD

Bonds take time to build, and small talk is the first step. Through these conversations, you’ll learn more about the other person.

Small talk could mark the start of a new friendship, but there’s no need to stress about it if it doesn’t happen right away. Don’t overshare or push it too far. It’s also best to avoid sensitive or touchy topics like politics, religion, or finances. You don’t want to get into a heated debate right off the bat.

Overcoming Social Awkwardness With ADHD

Feeling awkward or shy occasionally is common, especially when you’re around people you don’t know.

The best way to conquer social awkwardness is to put yourself in situations where you can practice. Role-playing is a great way to practice small talk and conversations.

If you have friends or family who know you well and have observed your interactions, you can even ask them for feedback on what you can do to improve. This helps nurture a self-awareness of your strengths and what you should work on.

How Adults With ADHD Can Find Opportunities to Make Friends

Usually, we form friendships through shared experiences and interests. So, think of hobbies or activities you’re passionate about and find a way to pursue them in a group setting.

This might look like joining a volunteer group on the weekends or attending a pilates class during the week.

Adults with ADHD can also join a support group to find a community and make new friends who understand what they’re going through.

ADDA+, with 5,000+ members, is one such community. You’ll get to connect with other adult ADHDers who know what you’re going through and access resources, courses, and expert-backed tips curated to help you achieve different goals in your life, career, and relationships.

References

[1] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

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If you’re concerned that you have ADHD, the good news is that it’s never too late to get reviewed or diagnosed for it, even as an adult.

Around 3.1% of adults across the globe are living with ADHD.^[1] And a large number of these ADHDers only found out that they had the condition in adulthood.

Despite only getting a diagnosis later in life, many who received the right support and treatment noticed considerable improvements in their lives, careers, and relationships.

You may be wondering how so many adults—perhaps yourself included —only learn about their ADHD later on in life. But can you actually develop ADHD symptoms as an adult?

Continue reading to explore adult-onset ADHD and how to best manage the condition.

Originally published on February 2nd, 2021, this article was updated and republished on March 14th, 2024.

How ADHD Can Be Detected In Adulthood

It’s possible to get diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood.

Currently, there is no single examination, brain scan, or blood test that will indicate whether or not you have ADHD as an adult.

Your doctor will likely conduct a thorough assessment by asking about your symptoms and challenges.

There are also ADHD rating scales for adults that can give your doctor a deeper understanding of your symptoms and how severe they are. One example is the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale.^[2]

In some cases, your doctor may request to talk to your parents or anyone else who knew you well as a child. This helps them to learn about the possible ADHD-related challenges you faced as a child.

Possible Emergence Of ADHD In Adulthood

Your healthcare professional may ask about your behavior when you were younger because ADHD typically appears in childhood.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), symptoms of ADHD must be present before the age of 12 for a diagnosis.^[3]

What this means is that a person cannot get adult-onset ADHD or only have ADHD develop in adulthood. 

There are some recent studies suggesting that ADHD can appear for the first time in adults. However, there’s still no clear evidence that adult-onset ADHD exists, and more research needs to be conducted to validate these claims.^[4]

Possible Reasons For Late Diagnosis Of ADHD

A late diagnosis of ADHD can happen for various reasons, including the following:

• Missed diagnosis in childhood. ADHD is tricky to spot. It can be difficult for parents or teachers to recognize the condition well enough to take the necessary next steps. Apart from this, ADHD can also be misdiagnosed as another condition, like anxiety or depression.
• Subthreshold childhood symptoms. Your ADHD symptoms might have fallen below the threshold to meet the criteria for a diagnosis when you were a child. As an adult, your symptoms may have worsened to meet the diagnostic criteria.^[5]
• Masking of symptoms. ADHD can be masked by different factors, for instance, having a high IQ or being in a protective family environment. That said, this reasoning is still not backed by concrete research.^[5]
• Increased stress and challenges in adulthood. Adults have heavier responsibilities and face more significant challenges. This amplifies their symptoms, nudging them to seek help and a possible diagnosis later on in life.

It’s also possible that the symptoms you’re experiencing aren’t due to ADHD. Of course, this doesn’t make your struggles any less valid.

ADHD and Co-occurring Conditions

ADHD can be tricky to spot and diagnose because it tends to co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Research suggests that up to 80% of adults with ADHD also have another mental health condition, such as depression or an anxiety disorder.^[6]

This can make it more difficult for your healthcare professional to make an accurate diagnosis and treatment recommendation. They will have to determine whether your symptoms are caused by ADHD, another mental health condition, or both at the same time.

ADHD also tends to have overlapping symptoms with certain conditions. For instance, difficulty focusing can be a symptom of both depression and ADHD.

Due to these reasons, ADHD might be mistaken for another condition or overlooked when a different diagnosis is made.

Warning Signs and Symptoms Of Adult ADHD

Keeping an eye out for possible symptoms of ADHD allows you to detect it and seek help earlier on.

The following are some symptoms of adult ADHD:

• Difficulty paying attention to activities like reading, conversations, and lectures
• Overlooking details, resulting in careless mistakes
• Frequently forgetting meetings and deadlines
• Getting distracted by unrelated thoughts
• Making inappropriate comments
• Zoning out during conversations
• Losing or misplacing belongings
• Hypersensitivity to criticism
• Inability to complete tasks
• Tendency to procrastinate
• Poor organizational skills
• Getting bored easily
• Acting impulsively
• Constant fidgeting

For a diagnosis to be made, these symptoms must be present in two or more areas of your life, such as at home, work, school, or while you’re out with friends.^[3]

Tips to Manage Adult ADHD

The challenges you face with adult ADHD aren’t just in your head. They’re real—but very possible to overcome and manage.

However, learning and implementing the right strategies will take work and perseverance.

Let’s explore some science-backed tips for managing ADHD:

1. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle

The following are tips you can follow to lead a healthy lifestyle with ADHD in the picture:

• Schedule regular exercise into your routine. Research shows that exercise can help improve attention, mood, and motivation.^[7] Start with shorter workout sessions and slot them into your daily routine to make exercising a habit.
• Practice good sleep hygiene. This includes going to sleep and waking up at regular times, reserving the bedroom only for sleep and sex, and avoiding large meals, alcohol, and caffeine before bed.
• Eat healthy. You can start with small steps to implement a diet that may help your ADHD symptoms. For instance, you may replace unhealthy snacks at home with healthier snack options like yogurt or mixed nuts. You can also prep your meals in batches over the weekends.

2. Develop Time Management Skills

Time management is a common challenge for ADHDers.

To improve your time management with ADHD, you can try the following tips:

• Break down big tasks into smaller goals with their own deadlines.
• Use the Pomodoro technique, which involves alternating focused periods of work with short breaks.
• Use ADHD organization tools and productivity-enhancing apps, like Forest or Focus Keeper.
• Keep a to-do list of your tasks and prioritize them based on urgency or complexity.
• Use the body doubling technique to enhance your focus.

3. Practice Mindfulness

Mindfulness meditation is a technique that may help to improve ADHD symptoms.^[8]

You can start practicing mindfulness by yourself at home. Find a comfortable place away from noise and distractions. Focus on your breathing as you meditate for a couple of minutes. If you catch yourself drifting away, gently bring your mind back to focus on your breath.

You can practice mindfulness in your everyday life, such as when eating or conversing with someone.

4. Cultivate Relationships

Finding strength and support in a community can help you feel less alone. There are plenty of adult ADHD support groups you can join.

These groups allow you to connect with and exchange advice and tips with people who understand what you’re going through.

Adult ADHD Is Treatable—Don’t Wait to Seek Help

Even though you may not recall experiencing any challenges as a child, it’s still safest to get your current symptoms assessed by a medical professional.

There are various methods of managing ADHD that you can explore with your healthcare professional. Apart from medications, ADHD therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or working with an ADHD coach can also be effective in helping you progress toward your goals.

Access to a resource hub of tips, advice, courses, and webinars can also be helpful. ADDA+ offers exactly this, allowing you to learn more about ADHD, its challenges, and how you can best overcome them to reach your fullest potential in life.

References

[1] Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021). The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 11, 04009. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.04009

[2] Prakash, J., Chatterjee, K., Guha, S., Srivastava, K., & Chauhan, V. S. (2021). Adult attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder: From clinical reality toward conceptual clarity. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_7_21

[3] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[4] Taylor, L. E., Kaplan-Kahn, E. A., Lighthall, R. A., & Antshel, K. M. (2022). Adult-Onset ADHD: A Critical Analysis and Alternative Explanations. Child psychiatry and human development, 53(4), 635–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01159-w

[5] Asherson, P., & Agnew-Blais, J. (2019). Annual Research Review: Does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist?. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 60(4), 333–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13020

[6] Choi, W. S., Woo, Y. S., Wang, S. M., Lim, H. K., & Bahk, W. M. (2022). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review. PloS one, 17(11), e0277175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277175

[7] Dinu, L. M., Singh, S. N., Baker, N. S., Georgescu, A. L., Singer, B. F., Overton, P. G., & Dommett, E. J. (2023). The Effects of Different Exercise Approaches on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020129

[8] Kretschmer, C. R., Göz Tebrizcik, B., & Dommett, E. J. (2022). Mindfulness Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry International, 3(4), 363–399. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint3040031

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If you have ADHD, handling your emotions might feel a bit like this. You may be calm and happy one moment. Then, without any warning, a small trigger can flip your emotions from “green” to “red.”

Dealing with these unpredictable emotions is challenging, but they don’t make you a bad person. Understanding this will help you be more compassionate and patient with yourself.

Of course, it’s still important to take responsibility for your actions and identify your ADHD triggers. This is the key to healthier relationships and better mental wellbeing.

You can try the strategies below to regain control over your emotions. The techniques in this article can help you navigate complicated feelings and act in the best interest of yourself and those you love.

What Is Emotional Dysregulation in ADHD?

Emotional dysregulation refers to difficulty in controlling and regulating emotions. ADHD triggers can be internal or external and may lead to intense or unpredictable emotions that seem blown out of proportion and even snowball into a complete meltdown.

Having emotions is healthy and normal. However, people with ADHD may struggle to know how to react to their feelings.

According to research, emotional dysregulation is more often observed in people with ADHD than those without it. Researchers suggest that ADHD is the mental health disorder with the strongest link to it.^[1]

Examples of Emotional Dysregulation

If you have ADHD, your emotions might feel like they’re all or nothing.

You might try masking your ADHD and holding back your feelings to fit in and steer clear of conflict. But when you do let yourself feel, even small things can trigger overwhelming emotions.

Here are some examples of what emotional dysregulation in ADHD might look like:

• Experiencing intense emotions, like anger outbursts or high anxiety
• Crying in response to a variety of feelings, even happiness
• Struggling to take your focus away from your emotions
• Having feelings that seem blown out of proportion
• Having mood swings and unpredictable emotions
• Having a low tolerance for frustrating situations
• Being unaware of the feelings of other people
• Difficulty soothing and calming yourself
• Focusing mainly on the negative
• Becoming overly excited

These symptoms often appear early on in childhood. They also usually persist into adulthood.^[2] Some research even suggests that challenges in regulating emotions affect around 34-70% of adults with ADHD.^[3]

What Causes Emotional Dysregulation in ADHD?

Having ADHD can make it harder to regulate emotions. That’s because the function and structure of the ADHD brain are different from a non-ADHD one.

In general, there are two main reasons why ADHD is often linked to intense feelings.

Firstly, the amygdala of the ADHD brain is thought to function differently. The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure inside your brain. It plays a role in regulating emotions like fear, anxiety, aggression, and anger.^[4]

Research suggests differences in the size and activation of the amygdala in the ADHD brain.^[5] As a result, you might experience stronger emotions and struggle to control impulses.

The second reason is a change in function of another part called the frontal cortex. This region plays a crucial role in interpreting, expressing, and regulating emotions. It also helps you sort through different reactions before you act on them.^[6] This part of the brain allows you to decide what you should and shouldn’t say or do.

Researchers have also found that there’s a decreased activation of the frontal cortex in the ADHD brain. It’s less likely to inhibit big reactions like it’s supposed to. So it can be difficult to respond to your feelings in a way that helps you achieve your goals.^[7]

To sum it up, the amygdala and frontal cortex of the ADHD brain function differently, causing many ADHDers to experience intense feelings. They may also struggle to control their responses and can react strongly.

How Can Emotional Dysregulation Impact Your Life?

Emotional dysregulation can affect different areas of your life.

The following are some possible impacts of emotional dysregulation:

• Workplace difficulties: The stress of meeting deadlines can be hard to deal with. Minor hiccups and inconveniences might lead to overwhelming anxiety or fear. Additionally, it can be tricky to build healthy relationships with colleagues and peers.
• Study problems: Emotional dysregulation can make concentrating, learning, and being productive harder due to intense stress. Having outbursts or displaying over-the-top emotions also makes it harder to form friendships with classmates, leading to isolation.
• Relationship conflicts: If you struggle to regulate your emotions, you may have more conflicts with family, friends, and romantic partners. You may often ruminate on these issues rather than focus on finding solutions. Minor disagreements or triggers may also become full-blown arguments, leading to hurt feelings and misunderstandings.
• Mental health struggles: It can be more difficult to deal with sadness, anger, and frustration. This may contribute to or worsen other mental health conditions. As an example, research suggests that depression and emotional dysregulation are closely linked.^[8]
• A tendency for risky behaviors: Research shows that people with trouble regulating emotions are more likely to participate in risky behaviors. These include substance misuse and dangerous driving practices.^{[9] [10]}

Some people with ADHD may be unaware that the hurdles they face are due to emotional dysregulation. So, you can start by figuring out which challenges you’re struggling with may be due to this.

Do you find it hard to resolve conflicts with your partner? Perhaps you lash out when your stress levels get too high. Maybe your frustration and fears often lead to ADHD paralysis.

Once you’ve pinpointed which challenges are linked to it, you can apply the strategies below in these areas to manage your feelings better.

How to Deal With Emotional Dysregulation

You can’t completely change the way your brain functions.

But there are steps you can take that work in favor of how your brain is naturally wired – not against it.

Step 1: Pause and Breathe

When you get caught in a bad situation, pause for a few seconds. Try to stop yourself from reacting right away. If you need to walk away, go ahead. Use some ADHD calming techniques to find your balance.

As you wait, slow your breathing. You can practice “7-11 breathing:”

• Breathe in for the count of 7
• Hold for 7
• Breathe out for 11
• Continue until you can think calmly again

Step 2: Acknowledge Your Feelings

Having ADHD doesn’t mean your emotions shouldn’t be acknowledged. Your feelings are real and valid – what might not be an issue for others may be a big deal for you, and that’s okay.

Remind yourself that your big emotions are all part of being human. Accepting them as they are gives you space to think and process them properly.

At the same time, you don’t have to indulge or act upon them.

Do something that helps you calm down, like reading or taking a hot shower. You can also direct your emotions elsewhere. Try writing them down in a journal or diary; it might help you make sense of them.

Step 3: Reframe Your Self-Talk

When you can think calmly again, consider what you’re telling yourself. Is there any other possibility or alternative to the “story” in your head?

What was said or done may have a different meaning than you think. The situation may not be as bad as it seems, and positive solutions exist.

Thinking things are worse than they are fuels your anger, frustration, or sadness. Reframing how you think can make those thoughts less powerful and help you see situations in a better light.

Step 4: Reflect and Learn Your Triggers

Whenever you experience intense emotions, reflect on why it happened. What caused you to feel that way?

You can list out possible triggers in a diary or journal. Knowing your triggers can help you avoid or minimize them in the future.

Though, certain triggers are non-avoidable. Like getting anxious before a work meeting or stressing out as the due date for an important project nears.

In these cases, you can prepare yourself emotionally beforehand. Try giving yourself additional prep time for a meeting to journal, cry, or use another way to express what you’re feeling. That way, you’re less likely to have an emotional outburst at inconvenient times, like during the meeting.

When your triggers don’t have any advanced warning, like a family member crossing your boundaries unknowingly, take a moment. Then, when you’re calm, think about what you can productively do to prevent it from happening again.

Bonus Method 1: Try the R.A.I.N Method

You can use this method as a meditation and mindfulness practice or when you feel overwhelmed. It goes like this:

• Recognize what’s happening. Recognize the thoughts and emotions that you’re feeling. Name and label them – “anger,” “disappointment,” or “stress.”
• Allow thoughts and feelings to exist. Allow your thoughts and emotions to be present without suppressing or dismissing them. You don’t have to enjoy all your feelings, and you don’t have to act on them.
• Investigate with care. Dig deeper with curiosity. Ask yourself why you’re feeling this way, how it started, and how you can manage it. These questions shouldn’t be self-judgemental. Instead, you’re collecting data about your emotions to understand yourself better.
• Non-identification. When you experience intense feelings, you might feel like you are those feelings. Try to detach your identity from your emotions and let yourself experience them without allowing them to control you.

This mindfulness technique helps you understand your emotions better without letting them define you as a person.

Bonus Method 2: Practice the F.O.U.L Method

This technique can help you manage your feelings when dealing with difficult situations or people. It works as follows:

• Fact-Check. Step back and try to differentiate between facts and assumptions. Sometimes, facts may fuel your emotions, like in times of danger when you need to react quickly. At others, assumptions might be pushing you to act rashly.
• Opposite Urge. If your emotions are based on assumptions, carrying out the opposite action may be helpful. If you feel like someone is criticizing you, instead of responding with a snarky comment, ask them to explain instead.
• Leave. When your anger, frustration, or annoyance gets too high, remove yourself from the situation. Just walk away and allow yourself to calm down.

This practical method can make taking the best course of action easier when your judgment seems clouded by emotions.

Support for ADHD and Emotional Dysregulation

You don’t have to struggle with ADHD or emotional dysregulation alone. Various ADHD therapies can help.

One example is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). This therapy teaches you how emotions work and helps you learn skills to manage your feelings instead of being controlled by them.

You can also seek help from others who know what you’re going through. ADDA+ is a resource hub that gives you access to a community of supportive ADHDers who have experienced a similar journey to yours.

References

[1] Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Neufeld, J., Bölte, S., & Isaksson, J. (2022). Emotion dysregulation in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a co-twin control study. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 16(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00528-0

[2] Soler-Gutiérrez, A. M., Pérez-González, J. C., & Mayas, J. (2023). Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review. PloS one, 18(1), e0280131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280131

[3] Hirsch, O., Chavanon, M. L., & Christiansen, H. (2019). Emotional dysregulation subgroups in patients with adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a cluster analytic approach. Scientific reports, 9(1), 5639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42018-y

[4] AbuHasan Q, Reddy V, Siddiqui W. Neuroanatomy, Amygdala. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537102/

[5] Tajima-Pozo, K., Yus, M., Ruiz-Manrique, G., Lewczuk, A., Arrazola, J., & Montañes-Rada, F. (2018). Amygdala Abnormalities in Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(7), 671–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716629213

[6] Suzuki, Y., & Tanaka, S. C. (2021). Functions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion regulation under stress. Scientific reports, 11(1), 18225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97751-0

[7] Leisman, G., & Melillo, R. (2022). Front and center: Maturational dysregulation of frontal lobe functional neuroanatomic connections in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 16, 936025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.936025

[8] Gao, W., Yan, X., & Yuan, J. (2022). Neural correlations between cognitive deficits and emotion regulation strategies: understanding emotion dysregulation in depression from the perspective of cognitive control and cognitive biases. Psychoradiology, 2(3), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkac014

[9] Weiss, N. H., Schick, M. R., Raudales, A. M., Forkus, S. R., Thomas, E. D., Contractor, A. A., & Sullivan, T. P. (2023). Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Positive Emotion Dysregulation on Risky Behavior Following Idiographic Emotion Inductions. Clinical Psychological Science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 11(3), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221133295

[10] Baltruschat, S., Mas-Cuesta, L., Cándido, A., Maldonado, A., Verdejo-Lucas, C., Catena-Verdejo, E., & Catena, A. (2021). Repeat Traffic Offenders Improve Their Performance in Risky Driving Situations and Have Fewer Accidents Following a Mindfulness-Based Intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 567278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567278

The post ADHD Emotional Dysregulation: Managing Intense Emotions appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Even with long hours of sleep and shots of caffeine, you don’t have the energy to get the ball rolling.

There’s a nagging itch to keep your mind occupied, which makes you restless and unsettled. This mental roadblock keeps you from working, while your unfinished work snowballs into stress and guilt.

Understimulation is a common experience for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This can cause a person to feel bored, tired, unmotivated, or irritated all the time. Examples of understimulation include struggling to concentrate on a task, restlessness, and feeling anxious or depressed.

It’s important to realize that having ADHD doesn’t mean you’re “lazy” or “irresponsible.” ADHD is a genuine medical condition that makes it more challenging to do what you need to.

If you want to learn how to recharge your mental battery, explore the following practical tricks and strategies!

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Unpacking Understimulation in ADHD: Recognizing the Signs

The best way to combat understimulation in ADHD is to learn how to detect it.

This phenomenon is often perceived as chronic fatigue or depression. But with closer observation, you’ll notice patterns unique to understimulation.

Look out for the following signs to identify understimulation in ADHD:

• Getting distracted by unrelated thoughts and then forgetting what you were supposed to do
• Feeling lethargic all the time despite getting enough (or excess) sleep
• Struggling to concentrate on the task at hand, especially if it’s uninteresting
• Having a lack of motivation to work on tasks you find boring or repetitive
• Procrastinating and avoiding a task but feeling tooguilty to do anything else
• Requiring extra simulation (e.g., loud music, background TV noises, etc.) to focus on an activity
• Experiencing immense restlessness and pent-up energy with nowhere to channel it to
• Feeling physically uncomfortable or unwell
• Getting irritated, frustrated, angry, depressed, or anxious often
• Feeling too mentally exhausted after work to enjoy other activities you used to
• Being unable to sit still, “relax,” or do nothing at all
• Stimming or performing repetitive and self-stimulatory movements and sounds (e.g., fidgeting, tapping your hands or feet, biting your nails, etc.)

By identifying that understimulation is the cause of these issues, it becomes easier to build strategies and support systems. All of which will help you overcome it and achieve your goals.

Causes of Understimulation in ADHD

Understimulation happens when there aren’t enough interesting things going on in your environment to keep you entertained or engaged. And while we can all relate to that, it’s especially tough for ADHDers.

If you have ADHD, you’re more likely to be understimulated when you’re:

• Doing activities with no short-term or immediate rewards and benefits
• Working on something that is too easy and poses no challenge
• Carrying out routine daily activities on autopilot mode
• Performing boring and repetitive tasks

If you’re like most people, you get bored when doing tasks that are uninteresting or repetitive. But those who don’t have ADHD can push their minds to focus.

However, those with ADHD often require more stimulation or pressure to get a task kickstarted.

Understimulation and the ADHD Brain

Research suggests there’s a dysfunction in the dopamine pathway of the ADHD brain.^[1] Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain that plays a role in motivation, pleasure, and learning.^[2]

Because of the lack of dopamine in the brain, people with ADHD tend to find themselves in a motivation drought.^[1] So more stimulation is required to get the ADHD brain hooked and engaged in the activity or task at hand.

Meaning that the ADHD brain is always on the hunt for more stimulation, which might come in the form of novelty, personal interest, urgency, or immediate rewards.^[1]

You might struggle to prioritize boring but important tasks over new and fun activities. You may also notice that you can hyperfocus on something interesting, like playing video games or reading a book, for hours on end. In contrast, you may begin to lose focus after just five minutes of working.

Knowing there’s a scientific explanation for these behaviors can come as a wave of relief for many ADHDers.

Understimulation vs. Boredom in ADHD

Understimulation and boredom in ADHD aren’t mutually exclusive. In fact, they often go hand-in-hand.

Understimulation (as mentioned above) happens when your external environment doesn’t interest or intrigue you enough. It’s a broader concept that describes situations where a person’s mental or sensory needs aren’t met.

On the other hand, boredom refers to the sense of dullness, impatience, or tiredness a person feels when they’re unengaged.

Understimulation often leads to feelings of boredom – but how a person experiences and reacts to understimulation can be different. For many ADHDers, understimulation may lead to not only boredom but also frustration, anger, irritation, and physical discomfort.

In ADHD, both understimulation and boredom can be overcome using similar strategies.

How to Cope With Understimulation

Understimulation affects people in different ways. But for most ADHDers, it can lead to missed deadlines, incomplete projects, and frustration.

Luckily, there are various ways to ramp up your stimulation and motivation levels.

Find Sources of Stimulation When Working

Many ADHDers don’t get enough stimulation from the task at hand to stay focused for long.

You can remedy this by finding other sources to keep your brain engaged while working on something you don’t enjoy.

Here’s what to do when you’re understimulated and have ADHD:

• Listen to music or a podcast, or turn the TV on in the background while you work.
• Find undisruptive ways to fidget (e.g., using a fidget toy, fiddling with stretchy bands, doodling while listening to a lecture, etc.).
• Eat or drink something that interests or excites you, like bubble tea or a spicy snack.
• Try body doubling, the practice of having someone beside you – physically or virtually – while you both work on your own tasks.
• Create a false sense of urgency by breaking down big projects into smaller goals and setting a deadline with some buffer time for each subtask.
• Turn boring tasks into mini-games (e.g., seeing how much laundry you can fold before the kettle boils).

The right source of stimulation should enhance your focus on a task instead of distracting you.

Introduce Novelty Into Your Routine

Novelty is an overlooked gem. Since the ADHD brain is always on the hunt for something new and exciting, switching up your daily routine can improve your focus and productivity.

Here are some routine-busting tips to help reduce understimulation in ADHD:

• Try working in new and different environments.
• Find ways to lighten up your work desk, like changing the decorations or photos.
• Spring clean your work desk occasionally to keep it decluttered.
• Reward yourself with something unique, like a meal at a new restaurant, after completing a goal.
• Change up your music playlist from time to time.
• Find fun activities to incorporate into your breaks (e.g., taking a stroll around a new block, having interesting snacks, trying a new stretching exercise, etc.).

Adding bits of novelty to your work and daily life can keep your brain happy and excited. This can make it easier to start working on tasks when you need to.

Refresh Your Mental To-Do List

Some ADHDers often find themselves unable to work on a task no matter how much they want to. They just can’t bring themselves to happily do anything else. This can lead to snowballing stress and tension.

What you can try next time is to refresh your mental hard disk. Eliminate that task you planned on doing from your brain’s to-do list, then give yourself permission to do something fun or exciting. Avoid harping or dwelling on that pending task, and simply enjoy yourself.

Once you’re feeling happier and more stimulated, it becomes easier to push through and get started on the task you initially planned to do.

Find Ways to Release Pent-Up Tension

Understimulation can cause frustration, anger, and restlessness. These emotions can build up since ADHDers are more likely to encounter understimulation daily.

To prevent these emotions from bubbling over, look for creative ways to increase your stimulation and reduce that tension.

You can try to schedule an activity you thoroughly enjoy in your day. This can be taking a walk or driving to a park, messing around with your art supplies, or playing an instrument for half an hour.

Some people even find something as simple as running, journaling their thoughts, or meditation helps release pent-up tension and frustration.

Looking for more ways to combat understimulation? ADDA+ is a resource hub that offers expert-backed information, courses, and tools to help you overcome understimulation and other ADHD-related challenges in daily life.

The Balancing Act: Avoiding Overstimulation

The ADHD brain may sometimes experience overstimulation or sensory overload.

Research suggests that those with ADHD are more likely to have sensory difficulties, as the ADHD brain processes and organizes stimuli differently.^[3]

This can lead to a range of symptoms when the brain becomes overwhelmed by emotions or information, including headaches, lightheadedness, anxiety, stress, and sleeping problems.

So the methods you use to increase stimulation shouldn’t distract you or overwhelm your brain with too much at once.

You might need to experiment a little to see what works for you. For example, you may find that your brain focuses better with a playlist in the background, but only with music that isn’t too loud or fast-paced.

Use Novelty, Urgency, and Passion to Your Advantage

There are many ways to deal with understimulation in ADHD.

Start by experimenting with different sources of stimulation, like having music playing while working.

Adding novelty and a sense of urgency to your routine can help you get your head into the game. You can also try to include hobbies and activities you’re passionate about in your daily schedule.

By pulling one or more of these levers, you can keep your brain happy, stimulated, and engaged, enabling you to bring your best to the table each day!

ADDA+ is all about being better together. We ARE better together. We want you to join us. There are thousands of us, all working to thrive with ADHD.

References

[1] Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Newcorn, J. H., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Goldstein, R. Z., Klein, N., Logan, J., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2011). Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(11), 1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.97

[2] Juárez Olguín, H., Calderón Guzmán, D., Hernández García, E., & Barragán Mejía, G. (2016). The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 9730467. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9730467

[3] Schulze, M., Lux, S., & Philipsen, A. (2020). Sensory Processing in Adult ADHD – A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-71514/v1

The post A Guide to Understimulated ADHD (Turn Boredom to Brilliance) appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

This can be a lot like the experience of women dealing with inattentive ADHD.

People don’t see all the extra work put into keeping up with their peers. Nor do they see the self-doubt that builds up from falling short of their goals despite their best efforts.

Of course, untreated ADHD doesn’t stop many women from becoming incredibly successful – but it can make it more challenging.

ADHD in women is, in fact, more likely to go undiagnosed and untreated.^[1] Around 4.2% of women are diagnosed with ADHD in their lifetime compared to 13% of males.^[2]

But why? 

Part of the reason might be that women have a higher likelihood of experiencing inattentive ADHD.^[3] Common challenges linked to this ADHD subtype include poor focus, carelessness, and forgetfulness.

These internalized symptoms of ADHD tend to be less obvious than externalized symptoms, like hyperactivity.^[4] As a result, women with inattentive-type ADHD are more likely to have their condition overlooked and untreated.

We’ve journeyed alongside many women living with inattentive ADHD. When equipped with resources and support, many go on to make their biggest dreams and ambitions a reality.

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Understanding Inattentive ADHD

The key to spotting ADHD in women is learning how this condition typically presents.

ADHD can look different from one individual to another. However, people with the same subtype of ADHD tend to share similar challenges and struggles.

Inattentive ADHD, for instance, is a subtype of ADHD classified by more significant symptoms of inattention.

Symptoms of inattentive ADHD in women include:^[5]

• Being forgetful in day-to-day life (e.g., forgetting chores or bill payments)
• Failing to follow through on instructions and complete projects
• Missing important details and making careless mistakes
• Avoiding activities that require sustained attention
• Getting distracted by unrelated stimuli or thoughts
• Having trouble focusing for long periods
• Getting distracted when being spoken to
• Losing or misplacing important items

Women with inattentive-type ADHD will show five or more of the above symptoms. They may also experience symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity but to a lesser degree.

Some of these symptoms are as follows:^[5]

• Intruding into other people’s conversations and activities
• Being unable to sit still and being constantly on the go
• Blurting out answers or interrupting others
• Having trouble waiting their turn
• Talking excessively

Symptoms of inattentive ADHD can be very disruptive in a woman’s life. But women are also more likely to internalize their symptoms and keep their struggles to themselves instead of acting out because of their ADHD.^[6]

They may mask their ADHD symptoms to fit in better or out of fear of being judged. In the long run, this could contribute to exhaustion, anxiety, and depression.^[6]

It’s important to understand that ADHD does not define a woman’s capabilities.

ADHD is more accurately described as an attention-abundance disorder rather than an attention-deficit disorder. By learning to control and harness this overflow of attention, many women go on to achieve whatever they put their minds to.

Effects of Female Hormones on Inattentive ADHD

Throughout their lifetime, women will have a fluctuating level of hormones. Changes in these hormones occur naturally at different stages of their menstrual cycle. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and menopause alter the levels of female hormones, too.

More research is still needed to determine the exact effects of hormonal changes on ADHD symptoms and medications. However, based on current findings, estrogen is thought to have a beneficial impact on the ADHD brain.

So a drop in the levels of the hormone estrogen might lead to poorer executive functioning – which refers to the set of mental abilities that allows a person to focus, remember details, plan, and regulate emotions.^[7]

Here’s a breakdown of the different stages that may affect your hormones and wreak havoc on your ADHD symptoms.

• Follicular phase: This phase refers to the first two weeks of a regular menstrual cycle. During this stage, the levels of estrogen increase. Women with ADHD may experience reduced symptoms.^[7]
• Ovulation: A sharp drop in estrogen levels occurs right after ovulation – when a mature egg is released from the ovary in the middle of the menstrual cycle. Because of this, women may notice increased inattentive symptoms after ovulation.^[8]
• Luteal phase: This refers to the third and fourth week of the menstrual cycle after ovulation. Estrogen levels gradually go up, but so do progesterone levels. This rise in progesterone hormones might decrease the beneficial effects of estrogen on the brain, worsening ADHD symptoms.

Progesterone may also reduce the effectiveness of ADHD medications.^[7]

• Pregnancy: Changes in hormone levels during pregnancy may change the severity of ADHD symptoms. During pregnancy, estrogen levels tend to be higher, which might lead to decreased ADHD symptoms.^[7]
• Menopause: Around the years leading up to menopause, the ovaries stop releasing eggs, and estrogen levels gradually decline. This decline changes the levels of the chemical messengers serotonin and dopamine in the brain. Dopamine deficiency is linked to ADHD, so a drop in dopamine might increase distractability and reduce focus.

Meanwhile, decreased serotonin levels may increase the likelihood of mood disorders in menopausal women with ADHD.^[7]

Of course, not every woman with inattentive ADHD will notice changes in symptoms when hormone levels begin to fluctuate. However, it can be helpful to understand how hormones affect your ADHD symptoms.

You can do this by keeping a diary of your daily symptoms and tracking them against your menstrual cycle to look for repeating patterns. This information may help your healthcare team adjust your management plan or medications based on your symptoms.

It also helps to seek support from women going through a similar journey. Connect with ADHD support groups that cater to different needs and experiences, like our peer support group for women above 50.

Impact of Inattentive ADHD on Women’s Lives

Each person’s experience with ADHD differs. Some people with milder inattentive ADHD might be able to succeed and thrive with little to no support or treatment for their symptoms.

In contrast, other women might experience more severe symptoms of inattentive ADHD that gets in the way of their daily activities.

In this case, the right diagnosis and treatment will play a greater role in helping these women get back on their feet and succeed in different areas of life.

Let’s explore the different ways ADHD may affect a woman’s day-to-day life.

Inattentive ADHD and Its Impact on Career and Academics

Inattentive ADHD can affect focus, memory, and a person’s ability to plan, organize, and prioritize.

A woman with this condition may experience the following challenges at work or school:

• Forgetting important dates (e.g., exam dates or meetings)
• Having low motivation and procrastinating frequently
• Arriving late for meetings, classes, or lectures
• Struggling to manage their time and schedule
• Having poor grades or work performance
• Missing assignments or work deadlines
• Producing work with more errors

Inattentive ADHD isn’t about laziness or irresponsibility. Many women are giving their absolute best despite facing different roadblocks.

ADHD is a real medical condition that alters the brain’s chemistry. With medications and therapy, ADHDers can learn how to manage their focus, time, and energy and unlock their greatest potential.

How Inattentive ADHD Affects Relationships

ADHD may also contribute to relationship roadblocks and conflicts. Some research suggests that women with ADHD are more likely to experience difficulties in their social functioning and relationships than those without ADHD.^[6]

That’s because symptoms of ADHD may cause the following challenges:

• Forgetting special dates like birthdays and anniversaries
• Drifting off and losing focus during conversations
• Showing up late to dates, events, or meetups
• Forgetting to do the chores or errands

As such, dating someone with ADHD can leave the other feeling neglected or ignored.

That said, a woman with ADHD can absolutely build healthy and fulfilling relationships. It requires open communication from both parties and the willingness to put themselves in the other person’s shoes.

Apart from that, the person with ADHD can experiment with different structures to help them maintain relationships better. For example, they can set reminders for important dates or build a weekly chore chart for their roles and responsibilities in the household.

Inattentive ADHD and Its Effect on Physical and Mental Health

Another key reason to treat inattentive ADHD is to minimize its impact on a woman’s mental and physical well-being.

Women with ADHD are more likely to develop a co-occurring mental health disorder like anxiety or depression. Additionally, they may have lower self-esteem and confidence.^[6]

When met with stressful situations, women with ADHD may feel like they lack control, which might contribute to sleep problems.^[6]

Furthermore, these feelings of worry and stress may translate into physical symptoms like headaches, stomach aches, and muscle pain.^[6]

Fortunately, it’s never too late to get ADHD treated. Women of any age can improve their mental and physical well-being with professional help and support.

Misdiagnosis of Inattentive ADHD in Women

The traits of ADHD, whether inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity, look the same in both men and women.

However, inattentive ADHD is more likely to be overlooked or misdiagnosed in women for various reasons, including the following:

• The symptoms of inattention in ADHD tend to be less noticeable and disruptive to other people than externalized symptoms like hyperactivity.^[6]
• Women tend to develop more effective coping skills and strategies than men. As a result, they’re more capable of masking their ADHD and reducing its impact on their daily activities.^[6]
• Low mood, mood swings, and anxiety are more common in women with ADHD. This could lead to their ADHD being overlooked and misdiagnosed as another mental health condition like depression or anxiety.^[4]
• Symptoms of inattention in ADHD can also persist even as a woman ages. And with older age, any persistent symptoms of inattention may be incorrectly diagnosed as cognitive impairment.^[4]

You can see why inattentive-type ADHD in women can be harder to spot and diagnose.

Fortunately, many adult women gradually develop an awareness of their struggles and challenges. This beckons them to seek the help and support they need to manage their symptoms effectively.^[4]

How to Get Diagnosed With Inattentive ADHD

No single medical test or examination can determine whether a woman has inattentive ADHD.

The best way to get a proper diagnosis of ADHD is by seeking advice from a medical professional.

Your doctor will carry out a thorough review of your symptoms and medical history. You’ll be asked about the symptoms you currently experience and their impact on your daily activities.

Since ADHD is a childhood-onset condition, your doctor will need to determine whether your symptoms were already present when you were younger.

Your doctor may request to interview someone who knew you well as a child, like your parent or teacher. They may also ask to look at any report cards or school documents that might paint a clearer picture of your childhood challenges.

Your condition may also be assessed through ADHD rating scales. These tests usually contain a checklist of ADHD challenges and symptoms. After you’ve filled out the rating form, your doctor will analyze your results.

Managing Inattentive ADHD: Treatment and Strategies

Treatment and support is life-changing for many women with inattentive ADHD.

ADHD can be treated with either medications or therapy for adult ADHDers. However, a combination of medication and therapy is usually the most effective for curbing symptoms of ADHD.

The following are inattentive ADHD treatment and management options for adults:

• Medications: Inattentive ADHD is most widely treated using stimulant medications. These medications help regulate the level of chemical messengers in the brain, improving symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.^[9]
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help women with ADHD build essential skills, such as prioritizing, creating a schedule, making to-do lists, and scheduling breaks and rewards. Through CBT, participants can also learn how to improve their focus by recognizing their optimal attention span and planning tasks based on that.

They’ll also explore ways to deal with distractions, such as setting alarms and creating a conducive environment for focused work.^[10]

• Mindfulness meditation training: Mindfulness meditation is the practice of becoming fully aware of the present moment. Research shows that mindfulness meditation can help improve attention, executive functioning, and working memory.^[11]
• Support groups: Support groups are a safe space for women with inattentive ADHD to share their experiences with others on the same journey. These communities allow women to seek guidance, advice, and support on managing their symptoms and improving their daily functioning.
• ADHD coaching: ADHD coaching may improve time management, organization, planning, self-esteem, and motivation. An ADHD coach can help a person create strategies to address daily challenges. Examples include creating schedules, to-do lists, calendar reminders, and alarms.

It might take a couple of weeks before you notice any improvements from taking ADHD medications.^[12] Your healthcare team will also monitor your progress, watch for any side effects, and adjust your treatment accordingly.

With time and consistency, medications, therapy, and other forms of support can help women with ADHD manage their symptoms and regain control over their daily lives.

The Ship Hasn’t Sailed: It’s Never Too Late to Get Help

Research suggests that symptoms of impulsivity and hyperactivity tend to decrease from childhood into adulthood. On the other hand, symptoms of inattention are more likely to persist.^[2]

This may explain why many women with inattentive ADHD experience daily challenges far into adulthood. So seeking professional help for inattentive ADHD is just as crucial for adult women.

The right management plan will help women explore their strengths and skills with fewer setbacks. This opens the door to a new world of opportunities in their career, academics, and social life.

Learn more about inattentive ADHD and other types of ADHD in women through ADDA+. This premier resource center provides expert-backed advice, support groups, courses, and tools that can equip ADHDers to achieve their daily goals.

References

[1] Stibbe, T., Huang, J., Paucke, M., Ulke, C., & Strauss, M. (2020). Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance. PloS One, 15(10), e0240810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240810

[2] National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

[3] Rucklidge J. J. (2010). Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(2), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006

[4] ‌Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Hollingdale, J., Kilic, O., Lloyd, T., Mason, P., Paliokosta, E., Perecherla, S., Sedgwick, J., Skirrow, C., Tierney, K., … Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 404. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

[5] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[6] Quinn, P. O., & Madhoo, M. (2014). A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 16(3), PCC.13r01596. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.13r01596

[7] Antoniou, E., Rigas, N., Orovou, E., Papatrechas, A., & Sarella, A. (2021). ADHD Symptoms in Females of Childhood, Adolescent, Reproductive and Menopause Period. Materia Socio-medica, 33(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2021.33.114-118

[8] Roberts, B., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., & Martel, M. M. (2018). Reproductive steroids and ADHD symptoms across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 88, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.015

[9] Advokat, C., & Scheithauer, M. (2013). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00082

[10] Lopez, P. L., Torrente, F. M., Ciapponi, A., Lischinsky, A. G., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Rojas, J. I., Romano, M., & Manes, F. F. (2018). Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD010840. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010840.pub2

[11] Mitchell, J. T., Zylowska, L., & Kollins, S. H. (2015). Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(2), 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002

[12] Cleveland Clinic. (2022, October 6). ADHD Medications: How They Work & Side Effects. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11766-adhd-medication

The post Inattentive ADHD in Women: How to Recognize Symptoms & Overcome Them appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Compared to women, men with ADHD are more likely to be diagnosed and treated. However, many men with this disorder still face career and relationship challenges.

But many people with ADHD have successful lives in which they thrive – and many of them will tell you that learning about their diagnosis (and finding the right support strategies) was the moment their lives changed for the better.

The truth is that ADHD does not define a person’s strength, intelligence, or capabilities. 

Treatment and therapy for ADHD are just as crucial for men. These management approaches help men with ADHD control their symptoms, build healthy relationships, and achieve their career goals.

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Identifying ADHD Symptoms in Adult Men

ADHD in men can look different from ADHD in women and children. If someone was diagnosed as a child, symptoms will affect their life differently as an adult – in ways they may not even be aware of.

Symptoms can differ from one individual to another depending on their severity and ADHD subtype. Men with ADHD can experience a variety of symptoms, from easily getting distracted to lacking time management skills to talking excessively to fidgeting, to name a few.

In general, adult male ADHD symptoms fall into two main groups, which are symptoms of inattention and symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Inattention in adult men with ADHD can include the following:^[2]

• Getting distracted during conversations, even when directly spoken to
• Misplacing or losing important items, such as their keys and wallet
• Being easily sidetracked and leaving projects or tasks incomplete
• Forgetting daily activities, such as appointments or bill payments
• Making careless mistakes and overlooking essential details
• Lacking time management and failing to meet deadlines
• Having difficulty organizing their tasks or belongings
• Struggling to follow sequential tasks or instructions
• Avoiding work that requires sustained focus
• Having difficulty remaining focused

Hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult men typically manifest as follows:^[2]

• Leaving their seat often when expected to stay seated, such as during meetings or lectures
• Intruding, interrupting, or taking over other people’s activities and conversations
• Having trouble waiting their turn (e.g., waiting in line or for their turn to speak)
• Fidgeting, tapping their hands and feet, and moving about in their seat
• Blurting out answers and interrupting other people in conversations
• Being unable to stay still for long periods
• Having feelings of restlessness
• Being on the move all the time
• Talking excessively

Men with ADHD can experience certain symptoms more significantly than others, depending on their ADHD subtype.

There are three main subtypes of ADHD. Those with predominantly inattentive ADHD experience symptoms of inattention to a greater degree. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD causes more symptoms of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity.^[2]

Meanwhile, combined-type ADHD leads to noticeable symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.^[2]

ADHD in men can also be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how significantly their symptoms affect their daily lives.^[2]

While many adult men with ADHD experience symptoms, it’s important to note that ADHD does not only appear in adulthood. Since it’s a childhood-onset disorder, men with it would have had symptoms when they were younger.^[2]

Learn more about how ADHD affects men and discover new ways to manage it at ADDA+. This resource hub for adult ADHDers provides expert-backed resources, tools, and support groups to help you thrive with ADHD.

How Is ADHD Different in Men vs. Women?

Men are more often diagnosed with ADHD than their female counterparts, as they’re likelier to display noticeable external symptoms.

Research has shown that male ADHDers commonly present with symptoms of predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD or combined-type ADHD. In contrast, female ADHDers tend to experience more symptoms of inattention.^[3]

This means that ADHD symptoms in men often involve behaviors like blurting out answers and being unable to wait their turn. They’re also more likely to display aggression, experience fluctuating emotions, and take part in impulsive or high-risk behaviors.

Because these symptoms tend to be evident and disruptive to themselves and those around them, men with ADHD are more likely to receive a diagnosis than women.

Some research also suggests that ADHD is less likely to persist into adulthood for men than women. This may happen because symptoms of hyperactivity tend to dwindle as a person gets older, while inattention in ADHD is more likely to persist.^[3]

Both men and women are at a higher risk of certain conditions due to their ADHD. Men with ADHD more often experience “externalized” conditions like substance or alcohol misuse.^[4] On the other hand, women with ADHD are at a higher risk of developing “internalized” conditions, such as depression and anxiety.^[3]

While both genders experience ADHD in a unique way, there are common challenges that affect both. Researchers found that both men and women with ADHD have significantly lower self-esteem and a stronger sense of hopelessness than non-ADHDers.^[4]

Talking to others who’ve been where you are, such as virtual support groups for men, is a great way to get help and guidance to ensure you succeed in what you do.

How to Spot ADHD in Your Male Partner or Loved One

ADHD can look very different from one person to another. The best way to spot ADHD in your male partner or loved one is to look out for signs and symptoms of ADHD.

ADHD often manifests as a “symptom iceberg.” The fidgeting, impulsiveness, and lack of focus can be easily noticeable. But the less-talked-about symptoms that represent the lower, unseen portion of the ADHD iceberg can also be important tell-tale signs that a person has the disorder.

Some examples of these lesser-known symptoms include:

• Bad quality sleep at night
• Constant procrastination
• Poor judgment of time
• Low motivation

While ADHD can lead to poor focus, the opposite is also true. Many ADHDers find they hyperfocus or hyperfixate on an activity they enjoy for hours.

If the symptoms a person displays collectively point to ADHD, seeking a diagnosis from a trained professional is a crucial step to getting better.

Of course, bringing up this topic with your male partner or loved one can be uncomfortable. But here are some ways you can approach this:

• Point out some of the challenges you’ve noticed. For instance, they might get stressed at work or school due to missed deadlines and meetings. Let them know how these traits might relate to a possible ADHD diagnosis.
• Talk about how their symptoms affect your relationship. For example, they might forget special occasions, run late for dates, or drift away during conversations. Let them know how this affects your feelings and relationship with them.
• Avoid using an accusatory tone of voice or making remarks that sound judgemental. Saying things like, “You’re so lazy,” or “You never do the chores,” might push the person into a defensive stance. Instead, you can use more “I” statements, like “I feel…” or “I’m concerned about…”

Ensure you find a good time and place to bring up this conversation. Approach them with understanding and empathy in your words, and try to talk about therapy or treatment in a non-stigmatizing way. Take the chance to encourage them to take the self-screening ADHD test and see a professional to know for sure.

Impact of ADHD on Men’s Relationships

ADHD can indeed add a unique set of challenges to a relationship. However, by understanding how ADHD symptoms affect a relationship, both parties can work out ways to overcome them.

The following symptoms of ADHD might contribute to conflicts in friendships or relationships:

• High distractibility: A man with ADHD might be easily distracted during conversations, which could cause his friends, family members, or partner to feel unheard or neglected.
• Impulsivity: A man with ADHD might interrupt the other party, blurt out hurtful things without meaning to, or constantly finish the other person’s sentences.
• Forgetfulness: Forgetting special dates like anniversaries and birthdays may cause the other party to feel unimportant. A man with ADHD might also forget to do chores or run errands they promised to.
• Emotional reactivity: People with ADHD may have anger outbursts or mood swings. As a result, the other party could feel like they’re walking on eggshells around them.
• Poor time management: Being late to appointments, dates, or gatherings could lead to conflicts.
• Disorganization: An ADHDer who is always disorganized might create messy and cluttered spaces at home. As a result, their household members or partner may feel like they’re constantly picking up after them.

Due to their symptoms, men with ADHD might experience self-esteem issues and guilt for letting their friends, family members, or partner down.

At the same time, they might feel like they’re constantly being criticized, nagged, or misunderstood.

It’s important to be understanding and supportive. Encourage the man to get support from other places, like support groups, or to get treatment if they’re not already.

Navigating Relationships With Someone Who Has ADHD

When both parties are willing to commit and communicate, a person with ADHD can still enjoy fulfilling relationships and friendships.

If your male partner or loved one has ADHD, there are various ways you can support them. Here are some examples:

• Create room for healthy communication. Find the right time and place to talk about your concerns and feelings. You can talk about how their actions affect you and discuss ways to navigate those challenges.
• Encourage them to seek professional help. Let them know that ADHD therapy and treatment are proven to be effective for many adults with ADHD. You can also offer to be present if they wish for someone to be there for them during their first few visits to the doctor or therapist.
• Work with your partner to create structures. Make it a point to discuss and divide the chores and housework. You can also allocate these tasks based on each person’s strengths and create a weekly chore chart or schedule. Additionally, you can suggest that they set phone or calendar reminders for important tasks and appointments.
• Focus on their strengths. ADHD in men is often linked to low self-esteem and confidence, so a little encouragement goes a long way.^[4] For example, you could tell them you appreciate their efforts in keeping up with the chores or compliment their creativity and artistic talent.

If you’re dating someone with ADHD, you may find that your relationship occasionally morphs into a parent-child one.

To manage this, take a step back and avoid taking over and finishing every task for your partner.

Of course, you can encourage them to seek treatment, communicate your feelings, and suggest strategies. But it’s important to give your partner the space to step up and take on their roles and responsibilities in the household.

Building Healthy Relationships: Strategies for Men With ADHD

As a man with ADHD, you might feel constantly criticized or nagged due to your ADHD symptoms.

At the same time, it’s crucial to understand that your ADHD symptoms might be causing your partner to feel neglected. They might also feel like they cannot rely on you to carry out your responsibilities.

This is a tough pill to swallow. However, acknowledging that your ADHD may be contributing to some of the challenges in the relationship is the first step toward change.

Fortunately, there are various ways to minimize its impact on your relationships, such as the following:

• Seek support and treatment. ADHD medications and therapy are proven to be effective for many adults.^[5] ADHD treatment has also been shown to improve impulsivity, social function, as well as career and academic outcomes in adults.^[6]
• Experiment with different structures. Find which systems help you organize, prioritize, and remember details best. For instance, having Post-It notes around the house or a weekly chore chart can help you keep track of your tasks and errands.
• Communicate your feelings and struggles. Find a time to talk to your partner about your ADHD challenges to help them understand your ADHD better. You can also take the initiative to discuss your strengths and split the household tasks accordingly.
• Ensure communication is a two-way street. Try to listen to your partner when they talk about their concerns. Find a quiet place with minimal distractions. To avoid drifting away, you can focus on the speaker’s mouth while repeating what they say in your mind. When your partner points out an issue, avoid getting defensive. Instead, open up the floor to discuss suggestions for managing it.
• Be aware of your emotions. Learn what the early warning signs of an emotional outburst look like. If you notice anger building up, let your partner know and take a break to cool off before you talk about the issue again.

ADHD undoubtedly makes it challenging to build and maintain relationships. However, it does not determine your worth or ability to love in a relationship.

Drop the mask, appreciate your strengths, and avoid beating yourself up over your mistakes or weaknesses. This helps build your self-confidence to step up and fulfill your roles in a relationship.

Men With ADHD Can Be Amazing Partners

Can men with ADHD fall in love? Do men with ADHD have empathy? 

Receiving an ADHD diagnosis can be both comforting and unnerving.

It’s comforting because, for many, it explains a lot about past relationship failures. It’s unnerving if you assume you are stuck repeating the same patterns.

The truth is that men with ADHD are very capable of loving and caring for other people. In fact, individuals with ADHD tend to feel their emotions, both the good and the bad, more intensely.

However, their symptoms might make things appear otherwise.

An ADHDer who drifts off during conversations might leave their partner feeling like they don’t actually care. Forgetting special dates and events, interrupting their partner, or blurting out hurtful comments might also add to this.

Learning how to connect emotionally can be difficult with ADHD. But here’s what you can try:

• Avoid interrupting your partner by inserting your experiences, opinions, or solutions unless they ask for them.
• Start by opening up to your partner and explaining how ADHD shows up for you.
• Practice being a listener when your partner needs someone to talk to.
• Learn to be comfortable with sharing your thoughts and feelings.

As a man with ADHD, you can build a happy and meaningful relationship. It’ll take practice, patience, and effort, but it will be worth it.

ADHD Is Not a Character Flaw in Men

ADHD is a real disorder that affects the brain’s structure, function, and chemistry.

There’s no shame in needing support for ADHD. In fact, acknowledging your need for help shows true strength and courage.

Getting treatment is a life-changing step that can significantly improve your life.

Connect with people like you. People who get ADHD at ADDA+. Thrive. Share knowledge. Swap stories. Lift each other up. At ADDA+, you’ll find everything you need to improve life with ADHD in so many ways. 

References

[1] National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). NIMH» Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

[2] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[3] Stibbe, T., Huang, J., Paucke, M., Ulke, C., & Strauss, M. (2020). Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance. PloS one, 15(10), e0240810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240810

[4] Rucklidge J. J. (2010). Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(2), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006

[5] Kolar, D., Keller, A., Golfinopoulos, M., Cumyn, L., Syer, C., & Hechtman, L. (2008). Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(2), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s6985

[6] Shaw, M., Hodgkins, P., Caci, H., Young, S., Kahle, J., Woods, A. G., & Arnold, L. E. (2012). A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Medicine, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-99

The post A Guide for Men With ADHD (and Their Loved Ones) appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

That’s a significant number of people, and it’s part of what motivates ADDA to reach out and help adults with ADHD.

Despite its high prevalence, ADHD in adults is challenging to diagnose because the symptoms can vastly differ from those in children.

Currently, no single medical test can determine if you have ADHD. Instead, your physician will do a comprehensive exam of your symptoms and how they affect different areas of your daily life.

In most cases, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is utilized in the symptom assessment process. This professional medical handbook helps healthcare professionals diagnose mental health disorders more accurately, including adult ADHD.

Keep in mind that an ADHD diagnosis isn’t a bad thing. While there is still some stigma surrounding it, many adults with ADHD thrive due to their ability to focus, think outside the box, creativity, and many others!

How Is ADHD Diagnosed?

Because ADHD cannot be diagnosed with a brain scan, blood test, or genetic testing, your doctor will ask you about your symptoms to make an assessment.

Additionally, your physician might use a behavioral rating scale to assess your ADHD symptoms. This questionnaire will have questions about your experiences, challenges, and behaviors at work, school, and home.

They might also request to meet your parents, ex-teachers, or anyone who knew you well when you were a child. This allows them to ask questions about your childhood history and struggles with ADHD – a crucial part of the diagnosis as ADHD is a childhood-onset disorder.

The DSM-5 can help your doctor assess the information received. The handbook contains important diagnostic standards that should be met for an ADHD diagnosis to be made.

It also includes more clarifications and examples of how an adolescent or adult may experience ADHD – instead of focusing solely on symptoms mainly seen in children.^[2]

What Are the DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD?

There are three main subtypes of ADHD:

• Predominantly-inattentive ADHD
• Predominantly-hyperactive ADHD
• Combined-type ADHD

Different criteria need to be met for each subtype.

Let’s explore how the three different subtypes of adult ADHD are diagnosed based on the DSM-5.

ADHD Predominantly-Inattentive Presentation

A person may be diagnosed with predominantly-inattentive ADHD if five or more symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months. For this diagnosis, the person should also show fewer than five symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity.^[3]

Based on the DSM-5, symptoms of inattention in adults include the following:^[3]

• Lacking attention to detail: This includes making careless mistakes at school, work, and other activities.
• Difficulty focusing: The person might struggle to pay attention throughout meetings, lectures, or lengthy reading sessions.
• Trouble listening: It might seem like the person doesn’t listen and often thinks of unrelated matters during conversations.
• Failing to complete tasks: They might have trouble following instructions, get easily sidetracked, and fail to finish their assignments, tasks, or chores.
• Poor organizational skills: A person may struggle to organize their work documents and belongings, manage sequential tasks, schedule their time, or meet deadlines.
• Avoiding tasks requiring sustained focus: Examples include completing reports and reviewing lengthy papers.
• Losing important items: Constantly misplacing items, such as documents, glasses, wallets, keys, and mobile phones, is another sign of ADHD.
• Distracted easily: An adult ADHDer may often be distracted by unrelated thoughts.
• Forgetfulness: A person with ADHD might forget their bill payments, chores, or appointments.

ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

An ADHD presentation that’s predominantly hyperactive/impulsive can be diagnosed if five or more symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity have persisted for at least six months. The person should also have less than five symptoms of inattention.^[3] 

The following are symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in adults based on the DSM-5:^[3]

• Leaving their seat when expected to remain seated (e.g., during a meeting or lecture)
• Blurting out answers and completing other people’s sentences
• Interrupting other people or intruding on their activities
• Struggling to stay quiet during activities
• Fidgetting and tapping hands or feet
• Often on the go and unable to sit still
• Trouble waiting their turn
• Talking excessively
• Feeling restless

ADHD Combined Type Presentation

Combined-type ADHD involves a balanced mix of both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. A person may be diagnosed with this type of ADHD if they show five or more symptoms of inattention and five or more symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in the last six months.^[3]

Apart from the number of symptoms, there are a few other criteria to consider when diagnosing different types of ADHD. For a diagnosis to be made, the following conditions should also be met:^[3]

• Symptoms cannot be explained by another mental health issue, such as anxiety or a mood disorder.
• Symptoms do not only happen during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
• Two or more areas of life are affected (e.g., school, work, social life).
  • Symptoms should clearly reduce functioning in these areas.
• Symptoms were present before the age of 12.

The DSM-5 also categorizes ADHD based on its severity as follows:^[3] 

• Mild: Fewer symptoms are present, and their effect on daily functioning is minor.
• Moderate: The severity of the person’s ADHD falls between the “mild” and “moderate” categories.
• Severe: Many symptoms are present, or several symptoms are especially severe. This significantly affects the person’s daily functioning.

Getting an Accurate ADHD Diagnosis

If you’re concerned about your symptoms, you can take an ADHD screening test for adults. The ADDA adult ADHD test is a questionnaire that can help you better understand your symptoms and whether they align with an ADHD diagnosis.

Of course, this test isn’t meant to diagnose you. The best thing to do is seek advice from a medical professional, preferably one with experience in adult ADHD.

They’ll conduct a thorough assessment to get to the root of your symptoms and provide recommendations to manage them. This may include medications, therapy, and ADHD coaching.

Proper support and treatment can help you do much more than cross off your daily to-do list. You’ll be in the best position to pursue success and achieve your goals in your career, academics, and relationships!

Lean on your community. Get a deeper understanding of your ADHD. Collective wisdom is empowering. Join ADDA+ to get help navigating your journey with confidence and resilience.

>We’re better together!

References

[1] Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021). The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of global health, 11, 04009. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.04009

[2] Epstein, J. N., & Loren, R. E. (2013). Changes in the Definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but Important. Neuropsychiatry, 3(5), 455–458. https://doi.org/10.2217/npy.13.59

[3] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

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“Neurodiversity may be every bit as crucial for the human race as biodiversity is for life in general. Who can say what form of wiring will prove best at any given moment?”

– Harvey Blume

Humans are wildly diverse, and at ADDA, we celebrate all kinds of diversity in our community. But today, we’re talking about neurodiversity, which is differences in how we think, learn, and behave.

If you have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), you may notice that you pick up and process information differently from your peers. That’s because ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder. This means it affects your brain development, structure, and function.^[1]

Because the ADHD brain is wired differently, people experience a range of symptoms that impact their focus, attention, memory, and learning. But an ADHD diagnosis doesn’t make you “abnormal” or any less capable of achieving monumental milestones in life.

What Is Neurodiversity?

The term “neurodiversity” describes the vast differences in brain function and behaviors of the human population. It recognizes that these variations in thinking, learning, and behavior are natural and represent the diversity of people.

Meanwhile, the term “neurodivergent” stems from “neurodiversity” and refers to individuals whose brains function differently from what’s considered standard.

The concept of neurodiversity embraces the fact that there isn’t one correct method of thinking or learning, and any such differences aren’t inherently “problematic” or “wrong.”

At the same time, it also acknowledges that neurodivergent people may have differences in their brains that alter their ability to learn and work. Because of this, they may require special forms of treatment and support to help them unlock their potential.

Neurodivergence is a spectrum. This means that you might show mild signs of neurodivergence that are barely noticeable to those around you. Or you might have severe symptoms that significantly impact your career, studies, relationships, and social life.

Is ADHD Neurodivergent?

Yes. ADHD can be considered neurodivergent because it’s a neurodevelopmental disorder that changes how you think and process information.

Scientists believe these differences are due to the unique structure and chemistry of the ADHD brain.

For instance, research has discovered that a lack of dopamine in the ADHD brain can alter how the person perceives reward and gratification.^[2] This makes it harder for them to stay motivated to complete tasks, especially boring and repetitive ones.

Apart from that, a person with ADHD may also display the following neurodivergent traits:

• Getting hyperfixated on an object or topic of interest
• Experiencing sensory overload and overstimulation
• Being disorganized and forgetful
• Difficulty concentrating

Because of how the brain is wired, you may experience various symptoms of ADHD that can affect how you learn and work. That said, it is a highly-treatable condition. And with the right support and treatment, you can learn to manage your symptoms better and perform your best at what you set your mind to.

While it’s crucial to recognize ADHD-related challenges, it’s just as important to celebrate and nurture the positive traits of neurodivergence.

Certain neurodivergent traits can be channeled as strengths. Take, for example, an ADHDer who can hyperfocus on tasks that they find intriguing. This ability to hyperfocus allows them to continue working until the job is completed.

People with ADHD typically also have higher energy levels and greater spontaneity. Additionally, they tend to be more creative and think outside the box, allowing them to come up with innovative solutions and strategies.

What Other Disorders Are Neurodivergent?

Different disorders can affect how you behave and think – ADHD is just one of them.

The following are some disorders commonly described as neurodivergent:

• Autism spectrum disorder
• Dysgraphia (affects writing)
• Dyslexia (affects reading)
• Dyscalculia (affects your ability to do Maths)
• Tourette syndrome
• Down syndrome
• Epilepsy
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Anxiety
• Depression

On this note, it’s also important to realize that people who have ADHD or any of the above disorders may also choose not to identify as neurodivergent.

Neurodivergence Embraces the Uniqueness of Different Brains

Neurodivergence acknowledges the huge diversity in mental functioning and behavioral traits of the human population. It encourages people with various diagnoses to focus on their unique strengths and abilities and, at the same time, seek the necessary accommodations, support, and treatment.

If you have been diagnosed with ADHD, this does not dictate what you can and cannot accomplish. By playing to your strengths and adapting to various challenges, you can achieve big goals in life.

ADHD can still be a difficult journey, but you don’t have to figure everything out on your own. ADDA+ is a resource hub that can provide support and guidance as you learn how to overcome the unique challenges of living with ADHD.

Through ADDA+, you’ll gain access to authoritative information, courses, webinars, tools, and an accepting community of peers, empowering you to explore and unlock your potential in life.

References

[1] Rubia K. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100

[2] Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J., Arcuri, V., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Waite, R. L., Notaro, A., Lubar, J., Williams, L., Prihoda, T. J., Palomo, T., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 4(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s2627

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This feeling is similar to having tics. Tics refer to sudden and repetitive sounds, muscle movements, or twitches that could be considered involuntary and hard to control. Examples include grimacing, blinking, clearing your throat, or repeating certain words and phrases.^[1]

A person who experiences tics may be able to hold back the urge to make these movements or sounds for a brief period. But they’ll feel progressively uncomfortable until they eventually cave in.

If you have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), you may have experienced this sensation before. Though not largely discussed, tics are common, and around 20-30% of individuals with ADHD symptoms also meet the criteria for a diagnosis of a tic disorder.^[2]

A mix of treatment and therapy can help reduce symptoms so they’re less likely to interfere with your daily life.

Does ADHD Cause Tics?

ADHD doesn’t cause tics. However, ADHDers are more likely to experience them.

According to the DSM-5 criteria, there are three main types of tic disorders. They are as follows:^[3]

• Tourette’s Syndrome: This condition affects the brain and nervous system, leading to multiple long-term tics involving movement and sound. People with this condition have experienced tics for at least one year.
• Persistent/Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder: This disorder leads to either motor or vocal tics that have persisted for at least a year.
• Provisional tic disorder: Individuals with this condition have experienced either motor or vocal tics or both, but their symptoms have not persisted for more than a year.

Adult ADHD can occur with Tourette’s syndrome or other tic disorders, meaning an individual may experience both conditions. Research has shown that the most common mental health condition that co-occurs with Tourette’s syndrome is ADHD.^[4]

So it isn’t surprising that ADHD and Tourette’s syndrome can happen together. Scientists have found that both are associated with genetic factors. Plus, both are also linked to abnormal levels of chemical messengers in the brain, including dopamine.^[2,5]

What Are Tics?

Tics are movements that occur suddenly (motor tics) or repetitive sounds (vocal tics) made by an individual.

Examples of tics include:

• Blinking repeatedly
• Muscle clenching and unclenching
• Humming
• Saying the same word or phrase over and over

What Triggers ADHD Tics?

There are various possible triggers of ADHD tics, including:^[6]

• Stressful or anxiety-inducing events
• Boredom and a lack of stimulation
• Feelings of nervousness or worry
• Feelings of excitement or anger

Sometimes, seeing another person do a specific action, like grimacing, may cause someone with tics to do the same.^[6]

What Kind of Tics Can Be Seen in ADHD?

Most of the time, tics disorders develop in childhood but may go unnoticed or undiagnosed. Symptoms can wax and wane or even resolve in adulthood. But in other cases, they can be a chronic condition.

It’s important to differentiate between tics and ADHD stimming, which also involves repetitive movements and sounds. They may have overlapping signs. However, ADHD stimming feels pleasant and can typically be stopped and started at will. On the other hand, ADHD tics can feel uncomfortable and are usually beyond a person’s control.

They can be divided into two main categories:

1. Motor Tics

These are fast, repetitive, and spasm-like movements. You might notice a strange bodily sensation before experiencing a tic, which becomes progressively uncomfortable over time.

Some symptoms include the following:^[1]

• Muscle jerking involving the arms and legs
• Clenching and unclenching the jaw
• Blinking or grimacing
• Shoulder shrugging
• Nose twitching
• Lip licking

These are usually harmless, but they can be a cause of concern if you drive or operate heavy machinery.

2. Vocal Tics

These can range from subtle sounds to louder noise or yelling. They may present as:

• Blurting out inappropriate words
• Repeating words and phrases
• Yelling or shouting
• Clearing the throat
• Coughing
• Humming
• Grunting
• Snorting
• Barking

If these symptoms affect your social life, relationships, and career, it’s always best to seek professional advice and treatment.

Treatments for ADHD and Tics

Tics can be understandably frustrating to deal with. But the right medications and therapy can help you better manage them and minimize their impact on your daily functioning.

Your doctor will assess your ADHD symptoms and tic disorder and may recommend a treatment plan that first targets the symptoms that affect you most.

The following are some possible treatment approaches for managing tics.

Medications for ADHD Tics

The only FDA-approved medications for managing tics include haloperidol, pimozide, and aripiprazole, which are generally reserved for moderate or severe cases.^[2]

Alternatively, your doctor may recommend guanfacine, which is less likely to cause side effects and is typically the primary choice for treating mild to moderate tics in ADHD.^[2]

Research has proven that stimulants are a safe and effective way to treat ADHD in those who also experience tics, although additional treatment and therapy may be required to manage tics.

Therapy for ADHD Tics

Comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) is a behavioral therapy designed to manage tic disorders in adults. It has even been shown to be as effective as medications.

This type of therapy teaches you how to spot tic behaviors and possible triggers, as well as identify early signals. You’ll also learn how to develop and practice “competing responses,” which are actions that physically oppose and prevent you from giving into your tic until the urge subsides.^[7]

ADHD Tics Don’t Always Require Treatment

ADHD doesn’t cause tics, but the two often co-occur. It’s not a must to get treated, especially if they are mild and have minimal to no impact on how you go about your daily life.

However, if they affect your social life, relationships, and self-confidence, you may seek advice from a healthcare professional. Fortunately, both ADHD and tics can be managed by medications and therapy – either concurrently or one after the other – to minimize their impact on your daily activities.

The first step to proper treatment is getting the correct diagnosis. If you’re concerned you may have ADHD, check out ADDA’s ADHD test for adults. This screening test serves as a symptom checklist that can help you better understand your condition and decide on what steps to take next.

Join ADDA+ and access 200+ webinars, courses, and an expansive collection of resources, along with a community of like-minded people thriving every day with ADHD.

References

[1] Ogundele, M. O., & Ayyash, H. F. (2018). Review of the evidence for the management of co-morbid Tic disorders in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World journal of clinical pediatrics, 7(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.36

[2] Coffey, B.J. Complexities for Assessment and Treatment of Co-Occurring ADHD and Tics. Curr Dev Disord Rep 2, 293–299 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-015-0061-7

[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 22). Diagnosing tic disorders. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/diagnosis.html 

[4] Robakis D. (2017). How Much Do We Know about Adult-onset Primary Tics? Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features. Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 7, 441. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8SQ95ND

[5] Rizzo, R., Gulisano, M., Calì, P. V., & Curatolo, P. (2013). Tourette Syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. European journal of paediatric neurology: EJPN: official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 17(5), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.01.005

[6] Tourette Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2023, February 1). Www.ninds.nih.gov. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/tourette-syndrome

[7] Kim, K. M., Bae, E., Lee, J., Park, T. W., & Lim, M. H. (2021). A Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Tic Disorder. Soa–ch’ongsonyon chongsin uihak = Journal of child & adolescent psychiatry, 32(2), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.200042

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Maybe you hum a random song, bite your nails, or absentmindedly spin a pen on your desk to help you pay attention while working.

You might chew on your pens or rock back and forth in your seat when you’re anxious.

This phenomenon is called stimming, and it’s a normal part of living with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The signs of ADHD can look different from person to person, especially stimming, which makes it tricky to spot.

What Is ADHD Stimming?

ADHD stimming is when a person with ADHD displays self-stimulatory behavior by repeating certain sounds and movements unconsciously. There are many different examples, including lip biting, rocking back and forth, humming, teeth grinding, or chewing gum.

But why do people with ADHD stim? 

A single reason can’t explain this, but experts believe it’s likely linked to how the ADHD brain works. Stimming is a response to challenges that people with ADHD have in situations that require sitting still, paying attention, or managing emotions. [wpcode id=”471443″]

Attention and Boredom

Research suggests that the imbalance of a chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine can affect how folks with ADHD perceive reward and satisfaction.^[1]

Due to this, ADHD can make it much harder to pay attention to activities that don’t interest you. You might stim to combat boredom in a dull environment, or help focus when completing uninteresting tasks.

Self-Soothing

Sometimes, stimming might result from:

• Nervousness
• Anxiety
• Stress

In such situations, this behavior could be a way to self-soothe and avoid becoming overwhelmed.

Releasing Energy

There’s also what’s known as happy stimming. This occurs when you need to find an outlet to release and express your excitement.

Neurodivergent people are more likely to engage in stimming, but the main reasons this happens vary depending on their diagnosis.

As an example, autism stimming most often occurs when a person is trying to manage their emotions and thoughts or cope in an overstimulating environment.^[2]

In contrast, a person with ADHD may stim either to handle their emotions or help them pay attention since ADHD often makes it challenging to stay focused.

Sensory Overload

Because of how the ADHD brain is wired, individuals may be hypersensitive to the sensory information they receive, causing them to experience sounds and sensations more intensely or for longer.^[3]

As a result, an ADHDer may be quickly overwhelmed and overstimulated by surrounding stimuli, such as:

• Bright lights
• Loud noises
• Crowds

Stimming may be one way to cope with ADHD sensory overload, as it can help reduce the anxiety and pressure linked to this phenomenon.

ADHD Stimming: Characteristics and Examples

Many people exhibit self-stimulating behaviors, such as biting their nails, shaking their legs, or playing with their hair. These behaviors may overlap with ADHD stimming in some ways.

That said, ADHD stimming is typically more severe than fidgeting in “neurotypical” people. It also occurs more often and may even interfere with some ADHDers’ daily activities.

The following are some examples of what ADHD stimming may look like.

• Sight: Visual stimming stimulates your sense of sight and often helps tackle feelings of boredom. Examples include repetitive blinking, drawing, arranging objects, or flipping pages.
• Verbal: A person may hum, repeat words, click their tongue, clear their throat, or whistle to minimize boredom, manage feelings of anxiousness, or stay focused.
• Auditory: Some people may listen to the same song repeatedly. Other times, they might mimic noises in their surroundings.
• Touch: ADHDers may catch themselves playing with their hair, grinding their teeth, biting the inside of their mouth, or picking at scabs or the skin around their fingernails. Sometimes, they may fidget with their clothes, rub their fingers together, or clench their fists. The main reasons for these self-stimulatory behaviors are to focus and self-soothe.
• Smell: Olfactory stimming can help people calm their nerves. It often involves sniffing items that have a particular scent. For example, this might be the smell of a perfume your loved one uses or the familiar scent of freshly-washed clothing.
• Vestibular: Vestibular stimming usually involves balance and movement. This might look like tiptoeing, rocking back and forth, pacing, head shaking, leg shaking, or spinning in a circle.

It can sometimes be difficult for people to notice that they stim because it may be done subconsciously. If you aren’t sure, you can ask a friend or family member whether they’ve noticed you demonstrating these behaviors.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of Stimming for People With ADHD

In some cases, ADHD stimming may lead to physical injuries. Take, for example, bleeding from picking the skin around your fingernails or biting the inside of your mouth.

At other times, this behavior may be time-consuming. For instance, you might engage in visual stimming and spend hours arranging objects or drawing.

Some stimming behaviors could also be disruptive to people around you, like tapping your fingers or humming in a library.

That said, stimming can be harmless in many cases and does not necessarily need to be stopped. 

Living with ADHD is challenging, and stimming may be helping you manage in situations you find difficult. It might help you soothe your nerves, relieve stress, or tolerate boredom a little longer.

If the behavior doesn’t hurt you or those around you, there likely isn’t a need to curb or suppress it – especially if it helps you cope with your ADHD symptoms.

How to Keep Stimming From Interfering With Daily Life

If your stimming leads to injuries, or you’re uncomfortable with how it makes those around you feel, there are different approaches you can take to reduce or manage it.

Identify Triggers and Find Ways to Reduce Them

The next time you catch yourself stimming, take note of the trigger. Was it a repetitive work task or a long presentation? Was there too much noise or too much silence?

Explore what your most common triggers are and find ways to minimize them. For example, you could add more stimulation to a boring task by working in a new environment like the library or a quiet café. Or, if loud parties overwhelm you, make a plan to leave earlier.

Devise Strategies to Improve Focus

Since ADHD makes it challenging to pay attention – stimming may be a mechanism you use to stay on track.

If your stimming leads to physical injuries or is disruptive to your classmates or colleagues, you could instead try these tips to improve your focus and motivation:

• Schedule 10-minute movement breaks in between long tasks
• Use a Pomodoro timer or productivity app to stay on track
• Use the body-doubling technique for accountability
• Break down big tasks into smaller goals
• Keep your workspace organized

Find Workarounds or Alternatives

You don’t have to stop stimming entirely. Instead, you could find less disruptive alternatives or workarounds for your stimming habits.

For instance, rather than chewing on your nails or biting the insides of your mouth, you could try a few deep breaths to release stress.

Tapping your fingers or spinning a pen could be replaced by less disruptive ways to stim, such as:

• Playing with textured clothing
• Noiseless fidget toys
• Doodling

Seek Professional Help and Treatment

ADHD medications can help you manage your ADHD symptoms and improve your focus, reducing the need to stim. You can also try therapy sessions to help you recognize disruptive or harmful behaviors and replace them with healthier ones.

Additionally, an ADHD coach may help you work on other ways to manage stressful situations, reduce your stimming triggers, and improve your focus and motivation.

Not All Forms of ADHD Stimming Are Negative

ADHD stimming may be a practical way to boost concentration and process emotions.

In many cases, this behavior is harmless and, in fact, beneficial. So don’t be too hard on yourself the next time you catch yourself chewing on the end of your pen!

However, if you feel that stimming disrupts your daily life, it’s always best to seek help. With proper support and treatment, you can effectively manage it.

You can find support and advice on managing ADHD stimming through the ADDA+ community. By joining ADDA+, you’ll gain access to expert-driven resources, webinars, courses, and a supportive community to help you thrive.

References

[1] Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J., Arcuri, V., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Waite, R. L., Notaro, A., Lubar, J., Williams, L., Prihoda, T. J., Palomo, T., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 4(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s2627

[2] Kapp, S. K., Steward, R., Crane, L., Elliott, D., Elphick, C., Pellicano, E., & Russell, G. (2019). ‘People should be allowed to do what they like’: Autistic adults’ views and experiences of stimming. Autism: the international journal of research and practice, 23(7), 1782–1792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319829628

[3] Lane, S. J., & Reynolds, S. (2019). Sensory Over-Responsivity as an Added Dimension in ADHD. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 13, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2019.00040

The post ADHD Stimming: Why It Happens and How to Cope appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

It could be the glare of fluorescent lights, the bass of the car next to you thumping in your chest, or a perfume that lingers long after someone has left the room.

Living in the moment can feel impossible when you’re overwhelmed by the world around you.

For those with ADHD, this is known as ADHD sensory overload. It happens when an ADHDer is hyper-sensitive to the sensory information their brain receives, causing them to experience certain sensations more intensely or longer than normal. This leads to overstimulation and a “fight or flight” response, which may affect how a person functions daily.^[1]

These difficulties with sensory processing are more common in people with ADHD compared to those who don’t have ADHD.^[2] This is likely due to differences in the structure and chemistry of the ADHD brain that change how it processes, receives, and organizes stimuli.^[3]

This also shows that what you experience is real and not “just in your head.” 

While ADHD sensory issues can cause problems in your daily activities, there are ways to regain control over your mind and emotions.

Symptoms of Sensory Overload in ADHD

A person with ADHD may experience the sensations around them to a greater extent.^[4]

Because of this, they may find it difficult to control their emotions or actions in response to something others easily filter out.

When an ADHDer is greatly affected by a certain stimulus, such as a sound or smell, this can lead to the following signs and symptoms:

• Headaches, dizziness, or light-headedness
• Feeling ill, faint, or nauseous
• Increased anxiety and stress
• Irritability and agitation
• Issues with sleeping
• Emotional outbursts
• Difficulty focusing
• Restlessness
• Panic attacks

To prevent these effects, the ADHDer may have workarounds that help them avoid or minimize their exposure to specific stimuli. Because of this, they may display certain behaviors, such as:

• Avoiding certain places (like a restaurant, bathroom, or kitchen)
• Withdrawing themselves from social situations or other people
• Having strong preferences for certain clothing materials
• Eating the same type of food all the time
• Being picky with the foods they eat

Causes of Sensory Overload

Sensory overload causes are associated with the five senses: sight, smell, touch, sound, and taste.^[4]

The following are some common triggers of sensory overload in adults with ADHD.

Loud Noises

Prolonged exposure to loud noises, such as in a concert or construction zone, can cause stress. In addition, repetitive sounds like a humming fan or clicking pens can be a source of distraction and irritation.

Bright Lights

Strobing, blinking, and flickering lights can cause a person with ADHD to become anxious, irritated, or dizzy. Bright and intense lights (e.g., fluorescent or LED lights) may also contribute to sensory overload.

Strong Smells

A person with ADHD may be more sensitive to certain smells and strong odors, even if they’re meant to be pleasant. Possible culprits can include perfumes, food, cleaning products, or cigarette smoke.

Crowds/Crowded Spaces

Being in a crowded space can expose a person to all types of stimuli. Perfumes, strong odors, constant chatter, and physical contact with strangers can overload the ADHD brain’s processing capacity.

Tactile Stimulation

A person with ADHD may dislike certain materials and textures. For instance, they may get irritated by clothing tags, rough socks, itchy sweaters, and even foods or lotions with certain textures.

Multitasking

Doing too many things at once may cause you to exceed your mental bandwidth and overload. That’s because your brain is trying to process too many different streams of information simultaneously.

Treatment and Management of Sensory Overload

Although there is no cure for ADHD sensory overload, lifestyle modifications and treatment can help minimize its impact on your daily life.

Here’s how to deal with sensory overload.

Pinpoint Culprits

Tune in to your surroundings and search for things that overwhelm you or cause anxiety. This could be a specific location, sound, or smell. Identify your triggers and jot them down so you can devise targeted strategies to avoid them.

Reduce Exposure

Once you’ve pinpointed your triggers, find practical ways to avoid or reduce them. Some examples include:

• Installing blackout curtains and lights with adjustable settings
• Opting for scent-free detergents, soaps, and shampoos
• Planning to leave events or social gatherings earlier
• Investing in clothing that keeps you comfortable
• Avoiding certain places during peak hours

Your sensory hypersensitivity isn’t your fault or something to be ashamed of.

Explaining how certain things make you feel can help those around you understand your needs better. Instead of hiding away from friends and family, try proposing alternatives for hangouts or social events. For instance, you can suggest going to a quieter restaurant instead of a noisy bar.

Use Sensory Aids

Certain sensory aids can help minimize exposure to specific triggers. You can try noise-canceling headphones, earplugs, or sunglasses.

Other types of aids can help to reduce the stress or anxiety you feel from sensory overload. Examples include weighted blankets, compression socks, or sensory toys.

You can also use items that appeal to you visually, like a photo of calm scenery. If certain smells nauseate you, take something you like to sniff on the go, like a vanilla-scented chapstick, peppermint sweets, or a travel-sized container of Vicks.

Try Relaxation Techniques

Learning relaxation methods, like yoga, deep breathing, or meditation, are great ways to promote calm and reduce stress from ADHD sensory overload. Alternatively, you can create a relaxation routine consisting of your favorite activities, like having a hot bath while reading and sipping tea.

Reach out for Help

A trained professional, such as an occupational therapist, may help you devise routines and recommend environmental modifications to accommodate your needs.

Your therapist may also suggest sensory modulation/integration therapy. This can help you prepare for and engage actively in your daily roles and activities without overloading your senses.

Try the ADDA Support Group: How to Meditate with ADHD.

Seek Treatment

A healthcare professional may provide mental health advice and recommend therapy or medications to help tackle any anxiety or depression linked to sensory overload.

Overcoming ADHD Sensory Overload With Practical Modifications

The best way to tackle your ADHD sensory issues is to identify the responsible culprits. Then, make targeted changes to your lifestyle, routine, and environment that reduce exposure to these triggers.

That said, we may sometimes still feel overwhelmed by the world around us despite our best efforts. When this happens, find a safe space to calm down, take deep breaths, and collect yourself. Most importantly, take time to reflect, recover, and practice self-care after each episode.

If you’re looking for support and advice to help you manage sensory overload and other ADHD challenges, join the ADDA+ community. Through ADDA+, you’ll receive access to comprehensive resources, webinars, courses, and a community of supportive peers to help you live your best life.

References

[1] Lane, S. J., & Reynolds, S. (2019). Sensory Over-Responsivity as an Added Dimension in ADHD. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 13, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2019.00040

[2] Bijlenga, D., Tjon-Ka-Jie, J. Y. M., Schuijers, F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2017). Atypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms. European psychiatry: the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 43, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.481

[3] Schulze, M., Lux, S., & Philipsen, A. (2020). Sensory Processing in Adult ADHD – A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-71514/v1

[4] Bijlenga, D., Tjon-Ka-Jie, J., Schuijers, F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2017). Atypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms. European Psychiatry, 43, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.481

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For example, do you have to work twice as hard as everyone else to finish a course, read a book, or focus on your work?

The key is understanding how ADHD affects your learning process. This enables you to seek the support you need to manage symptoms and find strategies to help you succeed!

So having ADHD is not a life sentence for bad grades or poor work performance. You can still achieve your career or academic goals with proper treatment and structures.

Keep in mind that ADHD affects people differently. Some symptoms of ADHD, such as the inability to stay focused, can make learning difficult, frustrating, and time-consuming. In addition to that, some people with ADHD may have a co-occurring learning disability.

Continue reading to explore the similarities and differences between ADHD and learning disabilities.

ADHD and Learning Disabilities: How Are They Different?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how your brain carries out specific functions and regulates certain behavior.

ADHD is not classified as a learning disorder because it doesn’t impact specific academic skills.

According to the DSM-5, a learning disability impacts specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, learning a new language, or math.^[1]

On the other hand, ADHD affects your executive function, which is a set of mental skills that helps you organize, plan, remember details, and direct your focus. For many people, this leads to challenges with starting or sticking with studies.

However, this impairment might not be enough to meet the criteria for diagnosing a learning disorder.

Simply put, ADHD does not directly influence an aspect of education, such as reading or writing. However, ADHD can make it harder to concentrate, learn new skills, or retain information.

How Does ADHD Affect Learning?

Both groups of ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactive/impulsive) can impact a person’s ability to learn.

The following are some examples of how symptoms of ADHD may affect learning:^[2] 

• Difficulty staying focused: A person with ADHD may be easily distracted. They might miss or forget deadlines and struggle to concentrate during lectures or exam revisions.

• Overlooking details: Those with ADHD might make careless mistakes and miss important information in their study notes or exam questions.

• Struggling to organize or prioritize: Being disorganized may cause a person to overlook deadlines, dates, and assignments. A lack of prioritization can also cause a person to feel overwhelmed and procrastinate on important learning tasks.

• Poor time management: ADHD can cause time blindness – a lack of perception of time. This may lead to missed deadlines, being late for lectures or meetings, and procrastination.

• Trouble remaining still: Having ADHD makes it more challenging to sit still and focus on the task at hand. A person with ADHD might constantly leave their seat during work, lectures, or meetings.

• Losing important items: Misplacing important items, such as schoolwork, meeting notes, and learning materials, can be common in ADHD.

If you think you may be struggling with learning due to ADHD, it’s best to seek professional advice as soon as possible.

Getting treatment and support can help you better manage your symptoms and overcome challenges related to learning and studying with ADHD.^[3]

What Is a Learning Disability?

A learning disability is a disorder in one or more basic processes involved in using or understanding a language. This causes a person to experience challenges in listening, thinking, speaking, writing, reading, spelling, and doing math.^[1]

According to the DSM-5, some symptoms of a learning disability include the following:^[1]

• Reading slowly or inaccurately
• Writing without clarity
• Difficulty remembering number facts
• Struggling with mathematical reasoning
• Getting grades well below the average expected for their age

A learning disorder can impact a person’s grades at school, performance at work, and the handling of daily responsibilities and activities.

Some examples of learning disorders include dyslexia (reading disorder), dyscalculia (number-based disorder), and dysgraphia (writing disorder).

While some of the symptoms of ADHD may look similar to that of a learning disorder, the diagnostic criteria and treatment approach for each condition differs.

For instance, ADHD can be treated using a combination of medications and behavioral therapy. However, a learning disorder is typically treated through special education or language therapy.

It’s also important to note that a person may have ADHD and a co-occurring learning disability. Some research suggests that around 45% of students with ADHD also have a learning disability, and these two conditions may interact to make learning more challenging.^[3]

In this case, the optimal treatment approach may look different from treating either ADHD or a learning disability alone.^[3]

Therefore, getting the correct diagnosis will help ensure you receive the best treatment to effectively address your symptoms and learning challenges.

ADHD May Affect Learning but Doesn’t Define What You Can Achieve

While ADHD isn’t a learning disability, it can affect how well you pick up new information or skills.

ADHD does not define your intelligence or capability. High IQ and ADHD are not mutually exclusive.

It simply affects how your brain is wired. Because of this, the ADHD brain and non-ADHD brain receive and interact with information differently.

The first step to overcoming learning challenges is to seek a proper diagnosis for your symptoms.

A therapist or ADHD coach can also help you improve essential skills like managing time, staying focused, and prioritizing your tasks and activities.

This puts you in the best position to thrive in your career or academics and reach the goals you’re working hard to achieve!

If you think that ADHD may be affecting how well you study, you can take ADDA’s ADHD screening test for adults. This questionnaire helps you gauge whether you might be experiencing this disorder. With this information, you can better decide on the next steps to take to get assessed for your condition.

Try ADDA+ a supportive community filled with like-minded people, and an enormous library of resources, courses, and webinars on thriving with ADHD.

References

[1] Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Board on Children, Youth, and Families; Institute of Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Boat TF, Wu JT, editors. Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Oct 28. 10, Clinical Characteristics of Learning Disabilities. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332886/

[2] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[3] DuPaul, G. J., Gormley, M. J., & Laracy, S. D. (2012). Comorbidity of LD and ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219412464351

The post ADHD Is Not a Learning Disability (But it Does Affect Learning) appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Is this just part of your personality? Or could you be affected by ADHD symptoms without realizing it?

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health condition. ADHD presents with several long-term problems, such as difficulty focusing, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD can impact all areas of a person’s life, including relationships, career, school, and self-esteem.

ADHD is commonly thought of as a condition that only affects children. But this isn’t true. (This misconception keeps many adults from getting help for their symptoms.) Current research shows that around 3-5% of adults have ADHD.^[1]

Adults with ADHD may have trouble getting motivated to complete tasks, which affects their performance at work or school. They may also struggle to navigate social situations and maintain friendships.

Fortunately, ADHD can be treated. With medical advice and support, adults with ADHD can manage their daily responsibilities well, achieve their goals, and thrive.

The first step to positive change is getting a proper diagnosis.

Continue reading to learn about the symptoms of ADHD in adults. We’ll also explore how ADHD can be diagnosed and treated by your healthcare team.

ADHD Symptoms in Adults

Research suggests that only 10-25% of adults who have ADHD receive the proper diagnosis and treatment for their symptoms.^[2]

Why is ADHD harder to diagnose in adults?

This may be due to the differences in adult ADHD symptoms.

For instance, a child with ADHD may constantly talk, run around, or fidget in inappropriate situations.^[3] These disruptive behaviors get noticed early – and they fit the stereotypical ADHD profile.

Meanwhile, symptoms of hyperactivity in adults may be limited to feeling restless or tense. This can cause ADHD to be misdiagnosed as anxiety or other mood disorders in adults.^[3]

Plus, up to 90% of adults with ADHD have another mental health condition, further complicating diagnosis. For instance, depression and ADHD often co-occur. ^[3]

Adult ADHD may be trickier to detect. But there are various symptoms to look out for that could suggest you or your loved one has ADHD.

The signs of ADHD in adults are divided into two main categories: Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. 

Some symptoms of inattention in adult ADHD include the following:^[4]

• Trouble maintaining focus when doing boring, routine, or repetitive tasks
• Missing details and making careless mistakes
• Struggling to listen when spoken to
• Failing to follow instructions and complete tasks
• Trouble organizing, prioritizing, and managing time
• Disliking or avoiding tasks requiring sustained focus
• Losing essential things needed for work or tasks
• Forgetting important dates, chores, work, or errands
• Distracting thoughts

The symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in adults with ADHD include:^[4]

• Fidgetting and tapping hands or feet
• Leaving their seat in meetings, lectures, or the office
• Feeling restless constantly
• Talking excessively
• Moving all the time and unable to sit still
• Experiencing involuntary tics
• Struggling to wait their turn
• Interrupting people’s sentences
• Intruding on other people’s tasks, conversations, or activities

These symptoms may look different from one adult to another, depending on the type of ADHD they have.

For example, an adult with combined-type ADHD may experience a balanced mix of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.

Meanwhile, an adult with predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD-PI) may struggle more with a lack of focus and organization – rather than impulsive or hyperactive behaviors.

Emotional symptoms are also gaining more attention as a core feature of ADHD in adults.

Those with ADHD may be more easily frustrated or experience rapid mood swings. This is likely due to how the ADHD brain is wired.^[5]

How Is ADHD Diagnosed in Adults?

There is no easy test to diagnose adult ADHD. Instead, your doctor will examine your symptoms and medical history.

They’ll also ask about your childhood struggles or experiences that could be related to ADHD. If you can’t remember this clearly, they may ask to speak to a parent or teacher who knew you well when you were younger.

A diagnosis of ADHD may be made if:^[4]

• You have five or more persistent symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity or five or more persistent symptoms of inattention.
• Some of these symptoms appeared before the age of 12.
• Your symptoms affect you in two or more settings, such as work or school.
• Other mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, do not fully explain your symptoms.

When seeking a diagnosis, seeing a specialist with experience in adult ADHD is best.

ADHD Treatment for Adults

The most effective treatment plan for adults with ADHD often combines medication and therapy.

The most common types of medication used to treat ADHD are stimulant medications. These help regulate the levels of chemical messengers in your brain, normalizing brain activity.

Non-stimulant medications may be recommended if you don’t respond well to stimulant medications.

You may also receive professional therapy and support to help manage your ADHD symptoms. This may include:

• Cognitive behavioral training (CBT): This psychotherapy aims to change unhelpful thought patterns that prevent you from being productive or getting things done.^[6]
• ADHD coaching: An ADHD coach helps you build strategies and structures to address ADHD-related challenges. They support you in getting organized and working toward your goals.
• ADHD support groups: Through ADDA’s virtual support programs, you can meet other people with ADHD. Here, you can learn from and journey alongside people who have walked in your shoes.

Getting proper treatment and support helps you manage your symptoms and form strategies to overcome the challenges you face due to ADHD.

This empowers you to reach your career or academic goals and build happier, healthier relationships with friends and family!

It’s Never Too Late to Seek Help for Adult ADHD

ADHD affects adults, not just children.

Fortunately, many adults with ADHD benefit significantly from treatment.

Seeking medical advice may seem daunting at first – which is understandable. But having an ADHD diagnosis doesn’t define your worth, intelligence, or capabilities. You can have ADHD and high IQ.

On the contrary, a proper diagnosis will pave the way for you to get the support you need, empowering you to succeed and thrive in all you put your mind to!

If you think you may have ADHD, check out ADDA’s ADHD test for adults. This checklist of symptoms helps you understand the condition better. That way, you can make an informed decision on what medical support and advice to pursue.

If you are diagnosed with ADHD, consider joining ADDA+ – a community of supportive people living and thriving with ADHD every day.

References

[1] Vos, M., & Hartman, C. A. (2022). The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed. Journal of Global Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.03024

[2] Targum, S. D., & Adler, L. A. (2014). Our current understanding of adult ADHD. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 11(11-12), 30–35.

[3] Ginsberg, Y., Quintero, J., Anand, E., Casillas, M., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2014). Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 16(3), PCC.13r01600. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.13r01600

[4] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/

[5] Beheshti, A., Chavanon, M. L., & Christiansen, H. (2020). Emotion dysregulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2442-7

[6] Sprich, S. E., Knouse, L. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Burbridge, J., & Safren, S. A. (2012). Description and Demonstration of CBT for ADHD in Adults. Cognitive and behavioral practice, 17(1), 10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.09.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.09.002

The post ADHD Symptoms in Adults: Signs of Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

If you’ve ever heard that ADHD is a made-up disorder caused by laziness, a lack of willpower, or ineffective parenting, you’re not alone. But this statement couldn’t be further from the truth. 

An ADHD brain isn’t wired the same way as a non-ADHD one. Science suggests that specific differences in the brain’s structure, function, and chemistry may be one possible cause of ADHD.

For instance, brain experts have found that various medical conditions are linked to lower levels of chemical messengers in the brain known as neurotransmitters. These disorders include anxiety, depression, Alzheimer’s, mood disorders, and ADHD.^{[1]; [2]}

In other words, your struggles with ADHD are very real. They happen because of how the ADHD brain works.

Continue reading to learn more about how ADHD affects the brain. We’ll also look at the main differences in the structure and function between an ADHD brain and a non-ADHD, neurotypical one. 

Differences Between an ADHD Brain and a Non-ADHD Brain

One of the most significant differences between an ADHD brain vs. a normal brain is the level of norepinephrine (a neurotransmitter). Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine. Since the two go hand-in-hand, experts believe that lower levels of dopamine and norepinephrine are both linked to ADHD.^[3] 

An imbalance in the transmission of dopamine in the brain may be associated with symptoms of ADHD, including inattention and impulsivity. This disruption may also interfere with the dopamine reward pathway, changing how the ADHD brain perceives reward and pleasure.^[4]

The structure of the ADHD brain can also differ from a non-ADHD brain in certain areas, including the following:

• Frontal cortex: This region regulates your behavior, emotions, and attention.^[5]
• Limbic regions: The limbic system influences your emotions and motivation. ADHD-related changes to this area of the brain can contribute to hyperactivity, inattention, and poorer decision-making.^[6]
• Basal ganglia: The basal ganglia is responsible for motor learning (picking up a particular skill through practice or experience). It also helps regulate your behavior, emotions, and ability to plan, focus, and multi-task—all of which are affected by ADHD.^[7] 

Another significant difference involves the default mode network (DMN) of the brain. The DMN activates when you’re daydreaming or not focused (or unable to focus) on a task or activity.

In ADHD, the DMN is more often activated. As a result, you may feel that your focus is constantly being pulled away from the task at hand toward unrelated thoughts.^[8]

And that explains why staying focused on tedious or repetitive tasks can be such a chore with ADHD. 

ADHD Brain: Structure and Function

An ADHD brain differs from a neurotypical one in many ways—from the size and activity levels of certain regions to the chemical signals traveling throughout the brain.

Because of these differences, you may find it challenging to organize, plan, focus, and manage your emotions with ADHD.

Let’s dive deeper into what the structure, network, and chemistry of an ADHD brain look like.

ADHD and the Brain’s Frontal Lobe

Your brain is divided into different sections known as lobes, one of which is the frontal lobe. It controls key functions related to:

• Planning and organization
• Focus and attention
• Self-monitoring and self-control
• Memory
• Communication
• Problem-solving
• Impulse control
• Language
• Social behavior
• Motivation
• Judgment

The frontal lobe is the largest part of the brain affected by ADHD. This part of the brain may mature at a slower pace or show disrupted activity and connectivity in people with ADHD.^[5]

That’s why staying focused, planning, and controlling impulses can be challenging for ADHDers.

ADHD Brain Networks

Groups of nerve cells called neurons form networks in your brain. These networks are responsible for relaying signals throughout the brain via chemical messengers.

In an ADHD brain, imbalances in the function and structure of these networks may cause the brain to transmit messages less effectively.

Research has found deficits in the neural networks linked to attention and executive function in children and adults with ADHD. This may affect your ability to organize, prioritize, plan, focus, remember instructions, and work toward your goals.^[9] 

In addition, ADHD may alter the network connections between your prefrontal cortex (a section of the frontal lobe) and other areas of the brain. Scientists believe this is associated with poor planning, distractability, impulsivity, and forgetfulness in ADHD.^[9]

Other deficits in networks of the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain can affect your attention, motivation, and ability to control your responses and predict the difficulty of a task. It may also change how you make decisions based on the perceived rewards.^[9]

Brain Chemistry and Neurotransmitters in ADHD

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from nerve cells to other target cells in your body. These chemical signals pass from one nerve cell to the next throughout the brain and body.

As noted earlier, dopamine and norepinephrine are two neurotransmitters that might be associated with ADHD.

Noradrenaline plays an important role in the prefrontal cortex, and ADHD may disrupt its transmission in the brain.

This could make it more difficult to retain the information needed to complete tasks successfully. It may also impair your inhibitory control, which is how well you can suppress distractions, urges, or behaviors that interfere with your goals.^[3] 

Meanwhile, dopamine helps us regulate our emotions and is linked to feelings of pleasure and reward.

In ADHD, there might be lower levels of dopamine in the brain. This makes it harder to maintain motivation, especially when the rewards seem small or not immediate. ADHD brains tend to favor short-term, smaller rewards over long-term, more significant ones.^[4]

The ADHD Brain Is Wired Differently

Scientists have found unique differences in the structure, chemistry, and networks of the ADHD brain. These differences can explain many of the symptoms and challenges ADHDers experience.

If you think you may have ADHD, you can take ADDA’s ADHD test for adults. This questionnaire helps you understand whether your symptoms suggest ADHD so that you can take the next step toward diagnosis and support.

ADHD is as real as it gets. Because of this, getting proper treatment and support is essential and, often, life-changing.

While your struggles with ADHD are valid, they don’t have to keep you from reaching your full potential.

By collaborating with your healthcare team, you can find an effective treatment plan and helpful strategies to manage your symptoms—empowering you to work toward your goals and ambitions without ADHD holding you back!

Lean on your community. Get a deeper understanding of your ADHD. Collective wisdom is empowering. In ADDA+, you’ll navigate your journey with confidence and resilience.

References

[1] Liu, Y., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2018). Emotional Roles of Mono-Aminergic Neurotransmitters in Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02201

[2] Ulke, C., Rullmann, M., Huang, J., Luthardt, J., Becker, G. A., Patt, M., Meyer, P. M., Tiepolt, S., Hesse, S., Sabri, O., & Strauß, M. (2019). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter availability in right attention networks: a (S, S)-O-[11C]methylreboxetine positron emission tomography study. Translational psychiatry, 9(1), 301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0619-y

[3] del Campo, N., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). The Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e145–e157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036

[4] Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308

[5] Gehricke, J. G., Kruggel, F., Thampipop, T., Alejo, S. D., Tatos, E., Fallon, J., & Muftuler, L. T. (2017). The brain anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults – a magnetic resonance imaging study. PloS one, 12(4), e0175433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175433

[6] Plessen, K. J., Bansal, R., Zhu, H., Whiteman, R., Amat, J., Quackenbush, G. A., Martin, L., Durkin, K., Blair, C., Royal, J., Hugdahl, K., & Peterson, B. S. (2006). Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(7), 795–807. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.795

[7] Lanciego, J. L., Luquin, N., & Obeso, J. A. (2012). Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2(12), a009621. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009621

[8] Rubia K. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100

[9] De La Fuente, A., Xia, S., Branch, C., & Li, X. (2013). A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from the perspective of brain networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00192

The post Inside the ADHD Brain: Structure, Function, and Chemistry appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are almost three times more likely to experience depression than adults without ADHD.^[1]

Studies have also found that 18.6% to 53.3% of individuals with ADHD also have depression.^[2]

What does this mean? People with co-existing ADHD and depression tend to be more significantly affected by their symptoms than those with either disorder alone.

It also means you can start to make progress and feel better with professional diagnosis, treatment, and support.

Our ADHD resource center for adults is a great place to learn more about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for ADHD.

This article will help you explore the link between ADHD and depression and learn about the options to treat and manage both together.

How Are ADHD and Depression Related?

For some people, ADHD and depression may just happen to co-occur. There are various causes and risk factors of depression that aren’t linked to ADHD, such as having a family history of depression or having a physical illness.

Nonetheless, this still raises an important question—Does ADHD cause depression?

In some cases, yes, ADHD may contribute to the development of depression. ADHD may increase your likelihood of experiencing depression in a few ways:^[3]

• Low self-esteem and negative self-image due to ADHD: People with ADHD are more likely to have a negative self-image and lower self-esteem.
• ADHD affecting work and school: ADHD symptoms can cause a person to struggle with school or work performance. This can make the individual feel like they’ve failed to meet expectations and goals. They may also face problems with their grades or find it harder to land and maintain a job.
• Symptoms causing difficulty in relationships: Maintaining healthy relationships may be challenging for some people with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can make it more difficult to communicate effectively, read body language, and fit in.

Ultimately, problems with work, school, and relationships can contribute to depression. This can be frustrating or distressing, especially for those with undiagnosed ADHD, consistently struggling with things that appear easy for others.

If you want to access resources to help improve your life or talk with people who understand what it’s like to have ADHD, check out ADDA+.

Research has found an interesting relationship between both disorders. The more severe the symptoms of ADHD, the more severe the symptoms of depression.^[3]

A possible explanation is this: People with ADHD rely more on avoidant coping.^[3] This behavior involves avoiding stressful and challenging tasks and problems instead of confronting or resolving them.

This only allows problems to worsen or overlap with other areas of daily life, which may result in more significant symptoms of depression.^{[3], [4]}

Finding the right treatment for ADHD and getting symptoms under control (alleviating their negative impact on self-esteem, career, and relationships) could lessen depression or reduce the likelihood of developing it.

Symptoms of ADHD and Depression

Some symptoms of adult ADHD and depression may overlap, making diagnosis tricky.

For instance, both may interfere with your ability to focus on work and tasks. Sleeping and eating problems may also be common in depression and ADHD, especially for those taking ADHD stimulant medications.

There are some distinctive symptoms of depression that don’t overlap with adult ADHD, including:^[5]

• Persistently feeling sad or “empty”
• Feelings of hopelessness, guilt, and worthlessness
• Loss of interest in activities and hobbies
• Recurring thoughts of suicide and death

Because some symptoms of ADHD may resemble depression, it’s essential to seek professional medical advice to get the correct diagnosis.

That said, it’s possible, and not uncommon, to have both ADHD and depression. So if you’ve been diagnosed with either, you can still seek medical advice and assessment for a possible diagnosis of the other.

ADHD and Depression in Adults

ADHD is a childhood-onset disorder, which means adults with ADHD have had it since they were children. Some adults diagnosed with ADHD as children no longer experience symptoms, while others struggle significantly.

Research suggests that adults with a childhood history of ADHD are more likely to develop depression than their non-ADHD peers.^[7]

But that’s not the entire picture.

The question is: Are adults with a childhood history of ADHD still at a higher risk of depression, even if they no longer experience significant symptoms of ADHD? 

Interestingly, research suggests that a childhood history of ADHD may not have a significant association with the development of depression—in the case that a person no longer struggles with symptoms of ADHD as they approach adulthood.^[7]

So, treating ADHD and managing its symptoms as early as possible may help reduce the risk of depression in adults with a childhood history of ADHD.^[7]

Many adults with ADHD are still not diagnosed or receiving the treatment they need. 

An ADHD diagnosis does not mean you will develop depression. But seeking proper treatment could be vital to lowering that risk – and learning to manage your ADHD will be an important step towards improving your mental health.

ADHD and Depression Treatment

A combination of medication and therapy may be the most effective option for treating co-existing ADHD and depression.

Your specialist may prescribe the following medications to treat ADHD:

• Stimulant medications: Stimulants are usually the first choice treatment for ADHD as they work for many people. These medications help increase the levels of specific neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain to regulate the brain’s activity.
• Non-stimulant medications: If stimulant medications fail to adequately manage symptoms or cause troublesome side effects, non-stimulant medications may be recommended.

Anti-depressants may also be simultaneously prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. Some anti-depressants, such as bupropion, may also help to reduce symptoms of ADHD.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one primary non-pharmacological treatment recommended for those with ADHD and depression.

This form of psychotherapy can help replace unhealthy thought patterns and coping mechanisms with healthier ones and improve problem-solving skills.^[3]

ADHD and Depression Can Co-Exist

If you’ve noticed symptoms of ADHD and depression, it’s best to seek medical advice, even if you already have a diagnosis for either.

It’s crucial that you receive appropriate treatment because ADHD medications are unlikely to help with depression, and anti-depressants alone cannot treat ADHD.

Meanwhile, psychotherapy can be structured to treat both ADHD and depression or either one alone.

Proper diagnosis and treatment can help you manage your symptoms and reduce their impact on your daily life. This will equip you to perform more effectively at work or school and bring you closer to achieving your personal goals.

If you’re interested in an ADHD self-screening test, check out ADDA’s ADHD test for adults. While this isn’t a diagnostic test, it may motivate you to talk to a professional – so you can take the right steps to feeling better.

References

[1] Babcock, T., & Ornstein, C. S. (2009). Comorbidity and its Impact in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Primary Care Perspective. Postgraduate Medicine, 121(3), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2009.05.2005

[2] Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3

[3] Knouse, L. E., Zvorsky, I., & Safren, S. A. (2013). Depression in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Factors. Cognitive therapy and research, 37(6), 1220–1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9569-5

[4] Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Brennan, P. L., & Schutte, K. K. (2005). Stress generation, avoidance coping, and depressive symptoms: a 10-year model. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 73(4), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.658

[5] Meinzer, M. C., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2017). ADHD and the Development of Depression: Commentary on the Prevalence, Proposed Mechanisms, and Promising Interventions. Current developmental disorders reports, 4(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-017-0106-1

[6] Depression. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression

[7] Meinzer, M. C., Pettit, J. W., Waxmonsky, J. G., Gnagy, E., Molina, B. S., & Pelham, W. E. (2016). Does Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Predict Levels of Depressive Symptoms during Emerging Adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0065-0

The post ADHD and Depression: Exploring the Connection appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Around 2.8% of adults worldwide have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ^[1] Other research estimates that around 6.7% of adults globally (or over 360 million) are affected by ADHD when cases without a childhood diagnosis are included in the percentage.^[2]

Furthermore, adults with ADHD often struggle with other mental health issues, including anxiety and depression. This makes diagnosis even tougher, and often the treatment people receive targets those issues rather than ADHD.^[1]

The basic facts about ADHD and its treatment and diagnosis may be the same, regardless of age, but there are some important distinctions.

Recognizing the symptoms and getting diagnosed with ADHD as an adult is transformational for many people. It can open your eyes to all the ways ADHD impacted your life in the past, while you equip yourself for a healthier, happier future.

Keep reading to learn more about the common signs of ADHD in adults, the challenges an adult with ADHD may face, and how ADHD is usually diagnosed and treated.

Adult ADHD Signs and Symptoms

The signs of ADHD in adults may be similar to childhood ADHD. But some of these symptoms, especially hyperactivity, may decrease over time, making diagnosis in adults more difficult.

Symptoms in adults tend to be more subtle. As a result, ADHD can be harder to spot in adults than in children.^[3]

It’s important to note that many of the symptoms of ADHD can be misinterpreted as personality flaws or character traits in adults. This can lead to internalizing a lot of negative feedback and trying to change things you really can’t control without the proper treatment or learning tools.

Symptoms of ADHD in adults can be divided into two main categories:^[4]

Hyperactivity and Impulsiveness

Adults with ADHD may notice symptoms such as the following:

• Fidgeting, tapping hands and feet, or stimming in other ways
• Uncontrolled tics
• Constantly feeling restless
• Unable to sit still for long periods
• Talking too much
• Interrupting other people while they’re talking
• Finding it difficult to wait their turn
• Intruding or taking over what someone else is doing
• Frequent mood swings or easy to anger
• Participating in risky behaviors (such as dangerous driving)

Inattention

Symptoms of inattention in adults with ADHD may present in the following ways:

• Unable to pay attention to details and makes careless mistakes
• Difficulty staying focused
• Can’t stay focused in conversations, even when there are no distractions
• Difficulty organizing tasks and belongings
• Struggles with prioritization and time management
• Dislikes doing work that requires sustained mental effort and focus
• Often misplaces important items (keys, wallet, documents, etc.)
• Easily distracted by unrelated thoughts
• Forget day-to-day things, like paying bills, appointments, and deadlines

Adult ADHD Challenges

Many adults with ADHD don’t realize they have it. Undiagnosed ADHD in adults can make it much harder to cope with school, work, and other commitments.

Challenges in School

Going to school, college, or university as an adult with ADHD brings its own set of challenges, including:^[5]

• Problems meeting deadlines for assignments, homework, or projects
• Inability to focus during lectures, classes, or exams, which may cause poor grades
• Erratic schedules (irregular sleeping and eating times)
• Self-distrust and difficulty regulating emotions like stress and worry
• Decreased self-esteem and high dissatisfaction with academic performance
• Difficulty working with peers on group projects
• Often isolated and avoiding interactions with peers, leading to poor social connections

Fortunately, financial aid and support services for students with ADHD are available to ensure they get the support they need to succeed academically.

For instance, students with ADHD in college can ask for accommodations, such as extended time during tests or a quiet, separate place for exams.

Challenges at Work

Adults with ADHD may face problems in their careers. Such challenges may include:

• Difficulty maintaining a full-time job
• Problems getting hired and discrimination in employment
• Frequently changing jobs
• Problems with completing work on time and meeting deadlines
• Forgetting important dates, meetings, or task details
• Trouble following instructions or paying attention to details
• Making careless mistakes
• Conflict with colleagues or inability to control anger in the workplace
• Easily stressed and overwhelmed to the point of apparent paralysis.

These challenges are serious. But many adults with ADHD have successful careers. In fact, many aspects of ADHD can be an asset at work, like the ability to hyperfocus on interesting projects or generate creative ideas.

A career counselor or ADHD coach can help you identify unique strengths and skills and develop strategies to reach your career goals.

Relationship Challenges

Maintaining healthy relationships with friends, family, or a partner can be tricky for someone with ADHD.

They may face relationship struggles such as:

• Trouble listening during conversations, leaving the other party feeling ignored
• Unintentionally blurting out hurtful statements in the heat of the moment
• Trouble remembering important dates, such as anniversaries and birthdays
• Emotional outbursts and difficulty discussing conflicts calmly, leading to unresolved issues
• Struggling to complete chores, causing resentment for partners who pick up the slack

Despite this, a person with ADHD can still be a fantastic parent, spouse, or friend.

Learning to communicate, respond to conflicts, and overcome challenges in positive and productive ways can help you build lasting, healthy relationships with the people you love.

Counseling or couples therapy may also help you and your partner identify practical strategies for maintaining a happy ADHD relationship.

Adult ADHD Diagnosis

Try to seek out a psychiatrist, psychologist, or psychotherapist specializing in ADHD when getting your symptoms assessed.

There’s no single test to determine if someone has ADHD. A simple blood test or MRI is not enough to provide an ADHD diagnosis.

Here’s what an ADHD diagnosis may involve:

Evaluating Your Symptoms

Adults who currently experience five or more persistent symptoms of inattention and/or five or more persistent symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity may be diagnosed with ADHD. These symptoms are based on the diagnostic criteria listed for children.^[6]

For a diagnosis to be made, the symptoms you experience must be present in two or more settings (such as at school, work, or home). They must also interfere with how well you function in work, social, or school activities.^[6]

Evaluating Symptom History

Though termed adult ADHD, adults don’t suddenly get ADHD. According to the current diagnostic criteria, ADHD cannot be confirmed unless you experienced some symptoms before age 12.^[4]

You may be asked about your ADHD-related struggles as a child. Your doctor may also talk to your parents, teachers, or anyone else who can share information from when you were a child.

Behavior Rating Scale

Your healthcare professional may use behavior rating scales that help measure your symptoms.^[7]

These scales involve a list of questions your doctor may ask you, with different ranking systems, such as “0 to 3” or “often and never.” They help your doctor make a more accurate diagnosis and can also show how well your treatment is working later on.

Adult ADHD Treatment

The most effective method of treating adult ADHD is using a combination of medication and therapy.

Managing ADHD as an adult may involve the following non-pharmacological measures:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT helps you recognize and change unhelpful thought patterns that affect your motivation, productivity, and focus.
• Mindfulness-based practices: These practices may involve meditation, stress-reduction training, and attention training. They help you self-regulate your attention and focus.^[8]
• ADHD support groups: Support groups are a way for you to connect and learn from other people with ADHD and understand your struggles and experiences. Feel free to check out ADDA’S virtual support groups for adults with ADHD.
• ADHD coaching: An ADHD coach is a trained professional who helps you build strategies, structures, and skills to manage daily activities and responsibilities made difficult by ADHD symptoms.

A specialist may also prescribe medications to treat your ADHD. These medications help to regulate the levels of chemical messengers in your brain and increase brain activity.

Stimulant medications are typically the first choice for treating ADHD, as they are effective for many people. They may help reduce interruptive and hyperactive behaviors and improve focus, thinking ability, and social interactions.

In some cases, non-stimulant medications may be recommended when stimulant medications have not worked well enough or cause intolerable side effects.

It’s Never Too Late to Get Diagnosed and Treated for ADHD

ADHD does not have to hold you back from living your life to the fullest and achieving your goals. Adults who receive timely support and treatment can often manage their symptoms well and develop a unique structure that empowers them to be their best, productive selves.

The first step toward positive change is getting a proper diagnosis.

If you’re interested in performing a self-screening test, check out ADDA’s adult ADHD test. This test is a symptom checklist for adult ADHD and may help you decide what type of professional evaluation and support to seek.

If you are diagnosed with ADHD, consider joining ADDA+ a supportive community of people overcoming the same challenges as you. ADDA+ includes 200+ webinars, courses, and a wealth of resources on improving your life with ADHD.

References

[1] Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H. S. G., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Navarro-Mateu, F., O’Neill, S., Pennell, B. E., Piazza, M., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2016). The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 9(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3

[2] Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021). The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of global health, 11, 04009. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.04009

[3] Gentile, J. P., Atiq, R., & Gillig, P. M. (2006). Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township)), 3(8), 25–30.

[4] Volkow, N. D., & Swanson, J. M. (2013). Clinical practice: Adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England journal of medicine, 369(20), 1935–1944. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1212625

[5] Kwon, S. J. (2018). Difficulties faced by university students with self-reported symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a qualitative study – Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. BioMed Central. https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-018-0218-3

[6] Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: What You Need to Know. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/adhd-what-you-need-to-know

[7] Ramsay J. R. (2017). Assessment and monitoring of treatment response in adult ADHD patients: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 13, 221–232. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104706

[8] Lee, C., Ma, M. T., Ho, H. Y., Tsang, K. K., Zheng, Y. Y., & Wu, Z. Y. (2017). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Attention on Individuals with ADHD: A Systematic Review. Hong Kong journal of occupational therapy: HKJOT, 30(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2017.05.001

The post ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Challenges, Diagnosis, and Treatment appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

While ADHD and anxiety are very different, a few symptoms may overlap. What makes things trickier is that anxiety is often associated with ADHD, as some adults may have both conditions simultaneously.

While both anxiety and ADHD can make it more challenging to concentrate in specific situations, anxiety can cause symptoms like thoughts of doom and gloom and panic attacks, which differ greatly from ADHD symptoms like hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Research shows that up to 80% of adults diagnosed with ADHD have at least one other disorder affecting their mental health, including mood and anxiety disorders. ^[1]

If you’re looking for more support while you navigate an ADHD diagnosis, check out ADDA’s ADHD resource page.

Keep reading to find out the differences between adult ADHD and anxiety, how to tell them apart, and how both diagnoses are typically treated.

ADHD vs. Anxiety in Adults

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health condition that affects your behavior and ability to concentrate.

An anxiety disorder also impacts your mental health but is commonly associated with constant feelings of dread, fear, or uneasiness.

Here’s a table summarizing the main symptoms of ADHD and anxiety. ^{[2], [3]}

Symptom	ADHD	Anxiety
Trouble concentrating
Feelings of restlessness and trouble relaxing
Problems with sleep
Short attention span and easily distracted
Being forgetful and misplacing things
Inability to prioritize, organize, and plan
Unable to sit still and constantly fidgeting
Interrupting conversations
Being unable to wait your turn
Impending sense of doom or danger
Constantly feeling nervous, tense, and on edge
Rapid breathing or fast heart rate
Sweating and trembling
Trouble controlling feelings of worry

ADHD Signs and Symptoms in Adults

Those diagnosed with ADHD as children may notice fewer symptoms as they approach adulthood. However, some individuals continue to experience significant symptoms that get in the way of their daily tasks and activities as adults.

Some symptoms of adult ADHD include the following ^[3]:

Trouble Focusing on a Task

A person with ADHD may constantly daydream and zone in and out of conversations. Staying focused on repetitive, boring, or routine tasks is very challenging, causing them to fall behind on deadlines.

Being Forgetful

Adults with ADHD tend to miss deadlines, meetings, and important dates. Forgetting instructions, misplacing items, and losing track of belongings may also be signs of ADHD.

Organization and Prioritization Issues

ADHD may cause a person to struggle with organizing and prioritizing tasks since the ADHD brain tends to value novelty over importance. A long to-do list can quickly overwhelm someone with ADHD up to the point they feel almost paralyzed, unable to take action or make decisions until they regain composure.

Restlessness and fidgeting

A person with ADHD may constantly move about, fidget, shift in their seat, tap their hands or feet. They may find it hard to sit still and stimming is a usual behavior to keep themselves calm and manage a flurry of thoughts.

People with ADHD can experience tics and other uncontrolled behaviors.

Conversation Roadblocks

Someone with ADHD may find it difficult to stay focused on the conversation, especially if the topic doesn’t interest them. They may interrupt the other person, go off on a tangent while speaking, or speak too quickly or too much.

Impulsive Actions

Impulsiveness may present in various ways. Individuals with ADHD may say something, purchase an item, make a decision, or perform an action without thoroughly considering the consequences.

Emotional Dysregulation

Some people with ADHD may struggle with regulating their emotions. They may frequently start conflicts, be easily irritable, quick to lose their temper, or experience unpredictable mood changes. ^[4]

Anxiety Symptoms in Adults

Many people get anxious, worried, or afraid at some point.

But when feelings of anxiousness interfere with your social life, sleep, and daily activities, this may be a sign that you have an anxiety disorder.

The following are some common signs and symptoms of an anxiety disorder: ^[2]

Difficulty Focusing

Many people with an anxiety disorder often find that they have trouble concentrating. Their minds may go blank or be distracted by worries and fearful thoughts.

Problems with Sleep

An anxiety disorder can make it more challenging for a person to fall asleep or stay asleep throughout the night.

Excessive Fear, Worry, and Stress

A person with anxiety is constantly tense due to the feeling of impending doom, panic, or danger. This may lead to an increased heart rate, nausea, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, trembling, and rapid breathing.

Irritability

Someone with anxiety may be easier to upset, which means they’re more likely to lash out at friends and family.

Avoidance

When excessive fear or anxiety strikes, a common behavioral response in those with anxiety is avoidance. For instance, an individual with a social anxiety disorder may avoid social situations or events because of the fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of others.

How to Tell ADHD and Anxiety Apart

Though ADHD and anxiety share some similar symptoms, you may be able to tell them apart in the following ways:

• Someone with an anxiety disorder may have trouble concentrating in situations that make them feel worried or nervous. In contrast, someone with ADHD may experience difficulty concentrating even in situations where their mind is calm and quiet.

• People with ADHD may get worried and anxious, but mostly about struggles or problems brought about by their ADHD symptoms. On the other hand, a person with both a generalized anxiety disorder and ADHD may feel anxious about many different things and be in a constant state of worry and fear.

The best way to diagnose your condition is by seeking professional medical advice from your doctor. You may also get a second opinion if unsure about your initial diagnosis.

ADHD and Anxiety Treatments

The medications used to treat ADHD and anxiety are different.

Treatment becomes a little tricker if you’re experiencing both conditions concurrently, as some medications used to treat ADHD may exacerbate anxiety symptoms.

Adult ADHD Treatment

The most effective treatment regimen for ADHD is a combination of medication and therapy.

Non-pharmacological methods of managing ADHD may include:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy: This talk therapy helps you identify unhealthy mindsets, beliefs, ways of thinking, and behaviors and reframe them into healthier thinking patterns and habits. CBT may also help with tackling poor time management and disorganization.

• Marriage or family counseling: This therapy empowers you and your loved ones to explore conflicts and find strategies to resolve and prevent them so your relationship can thrive.

• ADHD coaching: An ADHD coach collaborates with you to devise personalized strategies for overcoming your daily struggles, staying focused, and increasing motivation.

Stimulant medications are often the first choice for treating ADHD as they are the most effective. These medications help regulate brain activity but require close monitoring. If stimulant medications don’t work for you or lead to troublesome side effects, your doctor may recommend non-stimulant medications. ^[5]

Anxiety Disorder Treatment

The two main treatment methods for anxiety disorders are medications and therapy.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most effective form of therapy for anxiety disorders. This therapy teaches essential skills and helps you change your way of thinking to help you manage your symptoms and build confidence.

There are various types of medications for treating anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first choices for treating this disorder, as their benefits outweigh the risks in many cases. ^[6]

A Medical Evaluation is Key to Differentiating ADHD from Anxiety

Getting treatment starts with a timely diagnosis, so it’s important to seek medical advice if you notice symptoms of either condition.

Keep in mind that it’s also possible for you to have both ADHD and anxiety. You can get your symptoms assessed, even if you have a pre-existing diagnosis for either.

Proper diagnosis and treatment can help you manage your symptoms and overcome the daily struggles standing between you and your personal goals.

If you’ve noticed concerning symptoms but aren’t sure if they’re caused by ADHD or anxiety, take the ADDA adult ADHD test. This can help you decide what type of professional evaluation and support to consider. While this isn’t a diagnostic test, it’s a good starting point to gauge if you may have ADHD.

Whether or not your ADHD is complicated by an anxiety disorder, talking about it with people who understand can help. Check out our virtual ADHD support groups to connect with a group that can help you change your perspective, learn new strategies, and thrive with ADHD. Explore all our resources in ADDA+!

References

[1] Katzman, M. A. (2017, August 22). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach – BMC Psychiatry. BioMed Central. Retrieved 21 October 2022, from https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3

[2] Anxiety Disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved 21 October 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders

[3] Volkow, N. D., & Swanson, J. M. (2013). Clinical practice: Adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England journal of medicine, 369(20), 1935–1944. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1212625

[4] Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966

[5] Kolar, D., Keller, A., Golfinopoulos, M., Cumyn, L., Syer, C., & Hechtman, L. (2008). Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 4(2), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s6985

[6] Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow

The post The Difference Between ADHD vs. Anxiety in Adults appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Scientists have not yet been able to pinpoint the exact cause of ADHD. Current research suggests that a combination of factors, such as your genes and environment, may be responsible for the development of ADHD.

Learning more about the causes and signs of ADHD enables you to look out for possible symptoms in individuals at risk.

Many people find out they have ADHD well into adulthood, as a result of their child being diagnosed. ADDA+ exists to help people on that journey.

Read on to discover more about the heritability of ADHD and other possible causes of this condition.

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Is ADHD Genetic or Hereditary?

ADHD can run in families. The genes you inherit from your parents can significantly affect your risk of developing ADHD. Those with ADHD parents, siblings, or close relatives who have it are more likely to have ADHD as well.^[1]

Available research has shown that genes play one of the biggest roles in the development of ADHD.

For instance, scientists found that children with siblings who have ADHD are nine times more likely to have ADHD than those with non-ADHD siblings.^[2] Other research suggests that around 40% of parents with ADHD have children who also meet the criteria for an ADHD diagnosis.^[3]

On this note, it helps to understand the difference between the terms “genetic” and “hereditary.”

Hereditary means that genes inherited from parents cause the condition. Meanwhile, genetic simply involves a mutation or change in your genes.

So genetic disorders aren’t necessarily passed down from parents. For instance, cancer involves gene mutation but isn’t always inherited.

In contrast, ADHD can be classified as a genetic and, in most cases, a hereditary condition. That’s because it usually involves mutations in genes that are inherited.

While ADHD shows a strong genetic link, this doesn’t automatically mean that your child will inherit ADHD.

Other factors, such as a person’s environment, can also influence how likely they are to develop ADHD. This is backed up by studies of twins, in which a diagnosis of ADHD in one twin was not always present in the other.^[2]

Other Possible Causes of ADHD

While the answer to the question, “Is ADHD hereditary?” is a likely yes, genes aren’t the only factor involved in the development of ADHD.

The following are some other possible causes of ADHD.

Brain Function and Structure

The ADHD brain may differ from the non-ADHD brain in three different ways: Function, structure, and chemistry.

One such difference in brain function involves the regions of the brain collectively called the default mode network (DMN). This brain system takes care of mental processes like daydreaming, imagining the future, retrieving memories, and internal reflection.

The DMN is turned on when the brain isn’t actively engaging with a specific task, known as the “resting state.” And when it’s time to perform a task, the DMN should deactivate.

In people with ADHD, though, this part of the brain possibly never quiets down, making it harder to focus and pay attention to the task at hand.^[4]

The structural differences between the ADHD and non-ADHD brain may also explain the presence of various symptoms related to impulse control, attention, and emotional regulation.

Here’s what researchers have discovered about the structure of the ADHD brain:^[5]

• The overall brain size in children with ADHD tends to be smaller than in children without ADHD. ADHD brains may mature slower than non-ADHD brains.
• In those with ADHD, areas of the brain, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, may have a smaller volume, affecting how the person processes and regulates emotions.
• Other brain regions, including the frontal lobe, may also be smaller in volume, leading to inattention, impulsivity, and problems with social interactions.

Finally, a difference in the brain chemistry of the ADHD brain could be associated with a chemical messenger called dopamine.

A dysfunction in the dopamine pathways of the ADHD brain may change how the brain processes motivation and reward. This could explain why some adults with ADHD experience a lack of motivation.^[6]

Despite the many studies being conducted about the ADHD brain, scientists still don’t know exactly why these differences happen. As a result, there’s still a lack of explanation for what gives rise to the functional, structural, and chemical differences between an ADHD and a non-ADHD brain.

Environmental Influence on ADHD

Some research suggests that environmental factors can also change how likely a person is to develop ADHD.

According to studies, a person might be at a higher risk of developing ADHD if exposed to the following environmental factors:

• Childhood conditions: A childhood stroke and Streptococcal infection, which is a bacterial infection, may increase the risk of ADHD. Being born with a low birth weight is another risk factor.^[7]
• Brain injury: Children who have experienced severe traumatic brain injury are also at a greater risk of developing ADHD. This form of brain injury happens when a sudden external physical force damages the brain.^[8]
• Exposure to heavy metals: Being exposed to higher levels of heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, might be a risk factor for ADHD. Lead can disrupt the pathway of a chemical messenger called dopamine in the brain, and this disruption is linked to ADHD.^[9]
• Exposure to certain chemicals: Higher exposure to pesticides and air pollutants from traffic might also increase a person’s chances of getting ADHD. So living in certain industrial areas may promote the development of ADHD.^[10]

On the flip side, there are also environmental factors that reduce the risk of ADHD. For example, some research suggests that exposure to a green and natural environment might reduce the risk and severity of ADHD.^[11]

Culture’s Impact on ADHD Symptoms and Diagnoses

A newer and more controversial theory suggests that modern lifestyle and culture may be another piece of the puzzle.

Michael Ruff, M.D., Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Indiana University, mentions that a handful of ADHD cases, at the very least, may be driven by high-stress, fast-paced, and instant-gratification lifestyles.

He suggests that a world filled with ultra-fast-moving video games, smart devices, and a huge variety of TV shows may impact how a child’s brain matures.

For instance, some research found that the more TV a child watches, the higher their risk of developing attentional problems. Dr. Ruff notes that these findings may be suggestive of the impact of environmental factors on ADHD development.^[12]

Of course, the role of environmental influences does not invalidate the fact that ADHD is most significantly linked to genetic factors.

Pregnancy Problems and ADHD

Several pregnancy-related factors may impact the risk of ADHD development.

Children born prematurely or with a low birth weight may be at a higher risk of ADHD. This may be due to a lack of nutrients and oxygen during pregnancy, restricting the fetus’ growth and development.^[13]

Premature births may also be associated with changes in specific hormone levels and increased inflammation. This might contribute to the impaired maturation of the brain, behavioral problems, and the development of ADHD.^[13]

Other pregnancy-related factors that may increase the risk of ADHD development in the child include:^[14],[15]

• Experiencing regular or excessive stress while pregnant
• Experiencing physical health issues, diseases, or mental health conditions while pregnant
• Smoking or consuming alcohol during pregnancy
• Trauma to the abdomen that’s severe enough to require medical attention while pregnant

Pregnant women with high-risk children (children with at least one parent with ADHD) may require extra support, attention, and counseling to minimize the impact of modifiable pregnancy factors on their child’s risk of ADHD.

What Doesn’t Cause ADHD

There’s a lot of confusion and misperceptions surrounding the role of specific factors, such as diet or parenting, in ADHD development.

Based on research findings, the following are some factors unlikely to lead to ADHD, at least in most cases:

• How you were raised: There is currently no solid evidence that improper parenting techniques can cause the inattention, impulsivity, or hyperactivity associated with ADHD.
• Time spent playing console games: Research suggests that the amount of time spent playing video games is unlikely to cause ADHD or worsen the condition. However, children with ADHD may spend more time on video games without proper management due to their tendency to hyperfocus.^[16]
• Nutritional factors: There is no clear evidence that your diet and food choices can cause ADHD. Current studies about the impact of diet on ADHD symptoms are also conflicting. Dietary changes, such as eliminating “trigger” foods or incorporating more vitamins and healthy fats, have not yielded significant benefits in people with ADHD.^[17]
• Instability or stress: Stress may not directly cause ADHD, but research demonstrates that stress can worsen ADHD symptoms. Higher exposure to stressful events during childhood can also increase the risk of symptoms persisting into adulthood.^[18]
• Lack of financial resources: Poverty and a lower social economic status might not be a direct cause of ADHD. However, a lack of financial resources can make it more difficult to attain proper ADHD treatment and medical advice.

Should People With ADHD Have Children?

Yes! People with ADHD who want to have kids should do so.

Of course, there are some things to consider. For instance, having the condition yourself could mean your children will have a higher chance of having it.

Parenting with ADHD can also be challenging due to the symptoms tied to the condition.

That said, it’s still very possible to be the best parent for your children, even if you have ADHD.

With the right treatment and support, you can effectively manage your symptoms. This empowers you to communicate well, set household boundaries, and be emotionally available for your kids.

Having a routine and organizational structure at home can also be incredibly helpful. You may consider working with an ADHD coach who can help you build routines and structures for your family.

Essentially, there are many ways to create a loving and nurturing household environment for kids with ADHD.

What to Do When You Have a Family History of ADHD

If you have a family history of ADHD, there are steps you can take.

The best thing you can do is to stay observant and vigilant of potential symptoms your child may display. If you notice anything out of the norm, it’s always best to get it checked out by a doctor.

You can also let your child’s doctor know about your family history, including which member of the family has been diagnosed or has shown symptoms of ADHD.

These steps can facilitate early detection of the condition. If the doctor makes a diagnosis, they can recommend therapy sooner to help your child effectively manage their symptoms.

Alternatively, if a close relative has been diagnosed with ADHD, you may consider asking them for advice on which treatment has worked best for them.

In this case, you may also wonder if you have the condition, too.ADDA’s adult ADHD test is a good starting point to screen yourself for symptoms of ADHD.

Then you can seek a doctor’s advice for a possible diagnosis and let them know you have a family history of ADHD.

If you are diagnosed with ADHD, consider joining ADDA+ to get access to 200+ webinars, courses, and an expansive library of resources on overcoming ADHD. 

References

[1] Grimm, O., Kranz, T. M., & Reif, A. (2020). Genetics of ADHD: What Should the Clinician Know? Current psychiatry reports, 22(4), 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1141-x

[2] Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2018, June 11). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(4), 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0

[3] Uchida, M., Driscoll, H., DiSalvo, M., Rajalakshmim, A., Maiello, M., Spera, V., & Biederman, J. (2021). Assessing the Magnitude of Risk for ADHD in Offspring of Parents with ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of attention disorders, 25(13), 1943–1948. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720950815

[4] Rubia K. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100

[5] Bayard, F., Nymberg Thunell, C., Abé, C., Almeida, R., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Quinlan, E. B., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., Garavan, H., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Martinot, J. L., Martinot, M. L. P., . . . Petrovic, P. (2018, August 14). Distinct brain structure and behavior related to ADHD and conduct disorder traits. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(11), 3020–3033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0202-6

[6] Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J., Arcuri, V., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Waite, R. L., Notaro, A., Lubar, J., Williams, L., Prihoda, T. J., Palomo, T., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 4(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s2627

[7] Livingstone, L. T., Coventry, W. L., Corley, R. P., Willcutt, E. G., Samuelsson, S., Olson, R. K., & Byrne, B. (2016). Does the Environment Have an Enduring Effect on ADHD? A Longitudinal Study of Monozygotic Twin Differences in Children. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 44(8), 1487–1501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0145-9

[8] Asarnow, R. F., Newman, N., Weiss, R. E., & Su, E. (2021). Association of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses With Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-analysis. JAMA pediatrics, 175(10), 1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2033

[9] Muñoz, M. P., Rubilar, P., Valdés, M., Muñoz-Quezada, M. T., Gómez, A., Saavedra, M., & Iglesias, V. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its association with heavy metals in children from northern Chile. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 226, 113483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113483

[10] Saez, M., Barceló, M. A., Farrerons, M., & López-Casasnovas, G. (2018). The association between exposure to environmental factors and the occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A population-based retrospective cohort study. Environmental research, 166, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.009

[11] Donovan, G. H., Michael, Y. L., Gatziolis, D., Mannetje, A., & Douwes, J. (2019). Association between exposure to the natural environment, rurality, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children in New Zealand: a linkage study. The Lancet. Planetary health, 3(5), e226–e234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30070-1

[12] Ruff, M. E. (2005, September). Attention Deficit Disorder and Stimulant Use: An Epidemic of Modernity. Clinical Pediatrics, 44(7), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992280504400701

[13] Rahman, M. S., Takahashi, N., Iwabuchi, T., Nishimura, T., Harada, T., Okumura, A., Takei, N., Nomura, Y., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2021, September 24). Elevated risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children with higher genetic susceptibility to ADHD with a birth weight under 2000 g. BMC Medicine, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02093-3

[14] Grizenko, N., Fortier, M. E., Zadorozny, C., Thakur, G., Schmitz, N., Duval, R., & Joober, R. (2012). Maternal Stress during Pregnancy, ADHD Symptomatology in Children and Genotype: Gene-Environment Interaction. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l’Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 21(1), 9–15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22299010/

[15] Amiri, S., Malek, A., Sadegfard, M., & Abdi, S. (2012). Pregnancy-related maternal risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study. ISRN pediatrics, 2012, 458064. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/458064

[16] Stenseng, F., Hygen, B. W., & Wichstrøm, L. (2020). Time spent gaming and psychiatric symptoms in childhood: cross-sectional associations and longitudinal effects. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(6), 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01398-2

[17] Cagigal, C., Silva, T., Jesus, M., & Silva, C. (2019). Does Diet Affect the Symptoms of ADHD? Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 20(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180925140733

[18] Hartman, C. A., Rommelse, N., van der Klugt, C. L., Wanders, R., & Timmerman, M. E. (2019). Stress Exposure and the Course of ADHD from Childhood to Young Adulthood: Comorbid Severe Emotion Dysregulation or Mood and Anxiety Problems. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(11), 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111824

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Students in college must rely upon their own skills, support, and resources to succeed. Deliberate and proactive steps prepare the student and family as they transition to a college education.

The transition from high school to college is a critical and sensitive stage in life for adults with ADHD.

It’s the Executive Functions

Young adults with ADHD struggle with the transition from high school to college. This is not due to lower intelligence or a lack of knowledge, but rather to differences in the ADHD brain that affect executive functions and their ability to act on what they know.

Executive functions are responsible for organizing, prioritizing, activating, focusing, sustaining effort and alertness, managing frustrations and controlling emotions, using working memory (short-term memory and recall), controlling impulsivity and hyperactivity, and monitoring context.

School Success Comes from a Strong Scaffolding

Children with ADHD succeed in grade school because a strong “scaffolding” supports their ability to do what they know. The education system plans their course of studies. The teacher works with the child to help them discover how they learn best. The teacher also works with the family to ensure support extends beyond the school.

Family members remind the child with ADHD about their homework. Parents help their children organize their time. This scaffolding is successful, and so these children follow the traditional path to success.

They head off to college, but in college, the scaffolding that helped ensure success in high school disappears. When the scaffolding disappears, success turns to failure.

College students with ADHD face many challenges in the new college community. They face more distraction, less external structure, more responsibilities, and new friends and teachers.

While pre-college educational systems allocate resources, both formal and informal, to provide well-tailored educational services, students in college have to rely upon their own skills, support, and resources to a much greater degree.

Deliberate and proactive steps must be taken to prepare the student and family as they transition to a college education.

What Kind of ADHD Accommodations Can You Ask For at College?

Asking for some of these ADHD accommodations from your college can help you succeed as a student:

1. Extended time on tests and assignments, testing over several sessions
2. Testing in a separate and quiet place
3. Permission to record lectures
4. Audio textbooks
5. Assistance taking class notes or reading (note-taking service, reading group)
6. Written instructions from professors
7. Priority registration with a professional in the disability services office
8. The possibility of class substitution within the curriculum or reduced course load

What Students with ADHD Can Provide for Themselves

Students with ADHD can set themselves up for a great college experience when they advocate for themselves and get the support they need. Here are a few important ways they can do so:

Make Good Choices

• Choose a college with reasonable accommodations and support groups for students with ADHD
• Ensure the college you decide on has a large number of ADHD-LD specialists
• Choose a college with many registered ADHD students
• Disclose your ADHD diagnosis at the earliest possible opportunity to trusted student services staff and advisors
• Request appropriate accommodations, including those that the school may not readily offer

Contact Your Support Team

• School’s office of disability: Get familiar with its resources
• Health officials: Get documentation that proves your ADHD status and proof that ADHD affects your academic performance
• Writing center: Fully utilize your school’s writing center for help with written assignments
• Professors: Make use of office hours to meet your professors and set up appointments to clarify assignments.

Find Resources

• ADDA has a plenty of resources about studying with ADHD
• Access support from tutors, whether on campus or online
• Find a healthy study environment early on, free of distractions
• Time management resources, including a schedule that includes time for studying, socializing, and exercising
• Find a study buddy or study group. Sign up for classes with friends, or make friends in the classes you have, to support each other in and out of class
• Consider an academic coach (through the college counseling office or privately) that will check in with you throughout the week to ensure success

Improve Your Skills and Habits to Manage ADHD in College

• Self-advocacy skills to build self-esteem and avoid frustrations
• Socializing time and social skills
• Perspective on your future goals and carrier
• Perseverance and procrastination
• Sleep habits to be able to get up early in the morning to catch your classes
• Self-expectations: ADHD is with you for life, so you will continue to need support and treatment through college and beyond.

ADHD is one of the most under-recognized and underserved neurodevelopmental disorders in adults. Untreated, its impact on adults is severe.

Success Comes with Support and Accommodations

To succeed, students with ADHD need a comprehensive system of support that fosters academic engagement, clear academic goals, student success, and career preparation. Training in time management, planning, organization, and knowledge management promotes persistence among students with weaknesses in these areas.

College students must seek out the support they need and construct their own scaffolding in this new environment. It is exceedingly important that college students learn to advocate for themselves and seek out support to ensure success in the classroom and beyond.

Guide for Online Colleges & Disabilities by AccreditedOnlineColleges.org

What College Students with ADHD Need to Know About Advocacy and Accommodations

If you’d like to understand more about ADHD accommodations, ADDA+ offers a range of resources and support groups to help you thrive. 

The post Recommended Accommodations for College Students with ADHD appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

However, having a pet is comforting and assists the patients in achieving “calm,” which is desperately needed by many.

Scientific studies have shown having a pet results in lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure, decreased anxiety and depression, decreased levels of stress in post-traumatic stress disorders, personality disorders, and phobias, and results in an overall improvement in mental health.

Yes, you can get a service dog for ADHD. Dogs that provide assistance to people with mental health challenges are referred to as psychiatric service dogs or emotional support animals. People with anxiety or severe symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have service dogs that have been trained specifically to help them.

A pet can give humans so much more than just companionship. They can offer emotional and mental support. Dogs are incapable of criticizing, judging, or voicing their opinions. They snuggle up next to you even if you smell like poop.

Benefits of Owning a Pet

Two reports describe the medical benefits of pets:

• According to a 2013 white paper from the American Heart Association, “…owning a pet, particularly a dog or a cat, is associated with decreased cardiovascular risk factors.”
• The Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, November 2015,  published data indicating “pet therapy programs have been shown to be effective in helping improve socialization abilities, lower blood pressure, and combat loneliness.” (1)

From the perspective of the Housing Board, having an emotional service animal comes under the federal rubric of American with Disabilities Act (ADA).

Under ADA guidelines, to be considered an Emotional Support Animal, the owner must have a diagnosed psychological disability or condition, such as an anxiety or personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), ADHD, depression, or other mental health disabilities.

For legal purposes, emotional Service Animals (ESAs) are considered companions offering mental and emotional support. In addition to being trained to recognize other specific symptoms and occurrences.

Regarding ADHD, an ESA provides support of a different kind. Children who have ADHD have many kinds of physiological and mental health manifestations. So, creating an organized system works well.

We can tell someone how to do it, or we can do it with them and have them follow a schedule. When it comes to animals, they need to be walked and fed on a timely basis. 

Therefore, we create a schedule that must be followed. Once our ADHDer starts to maintain a schedule, it tends to carry over to other things, and that is what we are anticipating.

How an ADHD Service Dog Can Help You

One symptom of ADHD is difficulty staying organized and planning ahead. Adopting a dog requires the owner to maintain a schedule: the dog needs to be fed, walked, and played with on a regular basis.

While the idea of creating a schedule seems like a tedious task, it can actually create a pleasant distraction from the everyday stresses that work and school often cause. It could even help with memory and forgetfulness: if you forget to feed him, the pup is going to find a way to let you know! (2)

For those with the hyperactivity component of ADHD, a dog provides the opportunity to walk, run, chase, swim, or any of the other activities that may be applicable.

My dog swims with the grandkids. They love being in the pool with the dog, and the dog appears to love all the attention. It is a symbiotic relationship, one which we all enjoy.

As to the hyperactivity component, after the swim, both the dog and kids are tired. The only question is who will fall asleep first.

Physiologically speaking, serotonin levels increase, depression and anxiety decrease, and our children feel and interact better.

One of the benefits of having an emotional support animal is that you get “love.” A dog doesn’t scream at you for doing something wrong. There are no recriminations. They are happy when you come home, sad when you leave, and really do care about you.

Look at the stories we read of animals that protect their owners, save their owners at times of danger, and even protect their charges with their bodies when necessary.

Dogs, in particular, are loving and caring. When children grow up with dogs, they learn not to be stingy, not to be uncaring, and learn to have compassion and love for others. 

Learning comes in many forms, but the best way to learn is to actually do.

Dog ownership allows a person to take the responsibility and, therefore, take the chance of loving something.

For children and adults with ADHD who grew up as the “person who never did things on time, didn’t succeed, always screwed up, never got it right,” having a dog gives them the opportunity to not only succeed, but to get love in return.

You can join virtual peer support groups, find ADHD coaches, access 200+ webinars, and more when you join ADDA+.

Howard Chusid, Ed.D, LMHC, NCC is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, a National Certified Counselor, and a Board Certified Professional Counselor. He also has ADD himself. Dr. Chusid is also a Florida Supreme Court Certified Family and Circuit Civil Mediator and works with divorcing couples with special needs children.  http://www.Thehelpingplacefl.com 

References

1. https://www.rover.com/blog/dogs-help-people-add-adhd/
2. http://www.raisingtroubledkids.com/12-ways-dogs-reduce-depression-anxiety/

The post What About Dogs and ADHD – Does it Work? appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

Sensory overload can make social and workplace events draining and anxiety-provoking. People with ADHD may struggle to read the room – to understand the emotions and thoughts of the people present, and to respond in an appropriate way. When one or more of the five senses are triggered, the brain – alerted to more stimuli than it can process – sounds an alarm that danger is near. The body instinctually reads this signal as a threat and enters fight, flight or freeze mode.

How to Calm Sensory Overload When You Have ADHD

In this state, we often succumb to the sensory-onslaught. Voices, lights and crowds seem to close in on us. Our natural retaliation to this “attack” is to avoid certain situations, grow quiet, or flee the scene unexpectedly.  These escapes add to our feelings of guilt and shame.

5 Strategies to Overcome Sensory Overload:

1. Share your experiences – Your struggle may confuse others, but it is very real to you. Prepare in advance “go-to” phrases such as, “I can get overwhelmed in large gatherings. This is not the best environment for me, but I am trying.” Without sharing, others can’t support you.
2. Know your triggers – Identify the What, When, Where and with Whom you can get particularly triggered. Mindfully watch for reactions and look for events and settings that precede a fight, flight or freeze response. Consider how the circumstance made you feel to help you better forecast an upcoming ADHD trigger.
3. Propose another possibility – Rather than begrudgingly attending, why not propose an alternative plan or location? Once you understand your triggers and know that an environment or group of people is going to push your sensory buttons, perhaps it is not the best place to be social. Where else can you go together? Is there another activity that works? Weigh the benefits.
4. Take steps to protect yourself – If you must go somewhere that is a triggering, have a plan. Bombardment of sensory stimuli and the cascade that leads to fight, flight or freeze will make it hard to pay attention to social cues and to read the room. Ask a friend to walk in the doors with you. Bring earphones to lessen auditory triggers, choose seats out of the fray, and pick times with less traffic, noise and people to prevent overwhelm. Pick one conversation to follow rather than trying to follow the many conversations happening in your midst.
5. Engage in a pre-game – Parties, concerts, hallways or subway stations crushing with people can be full of competing sensory information. Identify calming techniques that help you avoid or lessen a tail spin. Before the event, practice techniques such as mindfulness and self-talk to center, reassure and calm your limbic system. Self-care such as hydration, sleep and nourishment can be beneficial too.

Our struggles to self-regulate and pay attention can induce sensory overload. When you’re not tuned in, sensory information can sneak up on you.

If you are still affected strongly even after employing these strategies, you may need to seek medical advice. There are treatments for sensory overload so don’t hesitate to bring this challenge up to a medical professional.

Sometimes you may struggle more than others, pat yourself on the back for any little wins you experience and take note of where and when you are less bombarded so you can find the right environment for you!

ADDA+ offers a supportive community of like-minded ADHD adults, dealing with the same problems you are. Join us today!

Caroline Maguire, M.Ed., ACCG, PCC, is author of Why Will No One Play With Me?, winner of the Best Parenting and Family Book 2020 and the founder of ADDCA’s The Fundamentals of ADHD Coaching for Families. Follow her @AuthorCarolineM and download her free video “How to Tell a Tighter Story”

The post How Can I Read the Room When I Get So Overwhelmed? appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

If you have adult ADHD, emotions can be especially intense. When it comes to making friends or building relationships, it’s not always as simple as just “reaching out.” 

You may experience rejection sensitivity. The slightest change in tone, a late response to a text, or a casual comment can feel deeply personal. 

In ADHD, this is often described as rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD). It’s a heightened emotional reaction to perceived criticism or rejection.

Key Facts about RSD:

• Rejection sensitivity is common in adults with ADHD.
• RSD refers to extreme emotional pain triggered by perceived rejection or criticism.
• Even small social cues, such as a delayed reply to a text, can be painful.
• Managing RSD often involves therapy and healthy coping strategies.

Learning to overcome RSD is key to building happy and healthy relationships. It might take time and patience, but it is very possible with a mindset shift. 

What Is Rejection Sensitivity?

Rejection sensitivity is the heightened fear or anxiety over being rejected, criticized, or left out.^[1]

It is perfectly normal to sometimes feel a little hurt when you get rejected. 

However, people with rejection sensitivity are more likely to display the following:^[1]

• Interpreting certain cues, words, or responses as a rejection when they aren’t
• Often worrying or feeling anxious about being rejected
• Having a stronger emotional response or reaction to being rejected 

Rejection sensitivity is not the same as being shy or socially awkward. Shyness often stems from discomfort in social settings. On the other hand, rejection sensitivity is tied specifically to the fear or anticipation of rejection, even if it isn’t actually there. 

What Is Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD)?

Rejection sensitivity dysphoria (RSD) is a term used to describe the intense emotional pain linked to being rejected. It is typically associated with ADHD.

It’s not a formal medical condition or diagnosis. However, it is sometimes used by healthcare professionals to describe a strong emotional response that is difficult to control. This can manifest as rage, sadness, anxiety, or frustration. 

RSD can feel so overwhelming that it becomes difficult to self-regulate. Thus, it can cause conflicts or affect your work, relationships, and self-esteem. 

Rejection Sensitivity vs. Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria

Rejection sensitivity and RSD are sometimes used interchangeably. However, they do, in fact, carry different meanings. 

Rejection sensitivity is a challenging issue for many people with ADHD and is validated by research.^[2] It is broader and not only specific to ADHD, but can be found in other psychiatric conditions as well.

Meanwhile, rejection sensitivity dysphoria is a term coined by Dr. William Dodson, who notes that it is typically exclusive to people with ADHD.

This table breaks down the main differences between the two. 

Common Symptoms of RSD

RSD shows up in different ways. Symptoms can vary from person to person, but they often share a similar pattern where the individual has an intense reaction to rejection. 

Let’s explore each category of symptoms below.

Emotional Intensity

RSD can lead to changes in your mood and emotions in the following ways:^[2][3]

• Intense and overwhelming feelings of sadness or rage after rejection
• Sudden mood swing and onset of depression or anxiety
• Deep shame, embarrassment, or self-blame after a rejection 
• Feelings of helplessness or hopelessness when facing perceived rejection
• Constant fear and worry about what others think

Physical Sensations

RSD can lead to changes in your mood and emotions as follows: 

• Tightness or pain in the chest or stomach
• Racing heartbeat 
• Sweating, shaking, or feeling hot all of a sudden
• Tension headaches or muscle stiffness

Behavioral Responses

Individuals with RSD may also exhibit the following behavioral symptoms:^[2][3]

• Overreacting or responding rashly in the face of rejection
• Tendency for people-pleasing to avoid conflict or rejection
• Withdrawing from social situations or avoiding communication
• Giving up on tasks, jobs, or relationships at the first sign of criticism
• Avoiding tasks or responsibilities that come with a risk of failure
• Struggling to stand up for their own feelings and needs 
• Adopting a perfectionist mindset to avoid rejection or failure
• Ruminating or replaying any perceived failure in their minds

Causes and Risk Factors

RSD can arise from a combination of factors. These include:^[4]

• Neurological: RSD is often linked to ADHD. This is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the brain’s structure, chemistry, and function. Because of differences in the ADHD brain, individuals may find it harder to cope with negative emotions. As a result, feelings of rejection can quickly spiral out of control. 
• Environmental: Childhood trauma, bullying, or name-calling can increase sensitivity to rejection. A lack of supportive environments and limited guidance in developing healthy stress management skills during childhood can also contribute to RSD.
• Psychological: Certain traits and mindsets, such as perfectionism, people-pleasing, or self-blame, can make someone more vulnerable to RSD. The tendency to dwell on negative thoughts can further intensify the impact of perceived rejection.

Some causes are beyond our control, such as the wiring and chemistry of our brains. 

Others, however, can be influenced or managed. By understanding the contributing factors, we can develop personalized strategies to address and minimize the root causes.

How RSD Affects Daily Life

The ripple effects of RSD can touch nearly every area of your life. 

Here are some common ways RSD may show up:

• Work performance: The fear of rejection or criticism may lead you to avoid certain tasks or roles. You may hold back from sharing ideas in meetings or procrastinate on projects. Accepting constructive feedback can also be difficult, which may limit opportunities for growth and learning.
• Relationships: Something as simple as a delayed text reply from a friend or partner can trigger panic, jealousy, or the urge to withdraw. Small differences in opinions or casual remarks can spiral into misunderstandings or conflict.
• Social situations: You may avoid group gatherings and networking events. You might also refrain from inviting friends and family to spend time together out of fear of rejection or judgment.
• Self-esteem: Constant worry about rejection or failure can gradually wear down your confidence. Over time, you may feel as though you’re never good enough, no matter how much effort you put in.

Because RSD can affect many areas of daily life, it’s essential not to brush it off. Acknowledging your feelings is the first step toward building healthier coping mechanisms to combat RSD. 

The 4 R’s

Rather than missing out, I created a tool called the 4 R’s to gauge the intensity of our emotions. These steps can help you calm your body and mind, enabling you to better understand and process your emotions. 

1) Recognize:

Begin by identifying your current emotional state. The first step is to check in with your emotions. 

Is your face flushed? Are you fighting back tears? Is your stomach or fist clenched? The more your emotions go up, the more your cognitive ability goes down. 

When emotions are running high, take a moment to pause. It isn’t the time to act out, bring up heated topics, or ask for things that may not be granted.

2) Respond:

Once you recognize your position on the emotion intensity meter, you can respond with an appropriate strategy.

Green: This is a time to implement daily preventative strategies to help you cope with stress and triggers. In the green, you can increase positive emotions and employ strategies to boost your dopamine production. Examples include walking barefoot (a grounding activity), sewing, doing crafts, and engaging in guided meditation.

Yellow: In this emotionally heightened state, you may still have some control over your feelings, but it’s best to avoid too much conflict. Having strategies ready can help calm your limbic system and prevent slipping fully into fight, flight, or freeze. Try to get yourself back into the green by walking the dog or drawing in an adult coloring book. Simple practices, like unclenching your jaw, softening your tongue as if it were liquid resting in a pool, or focusing on your breathing, can also help. Additionally, breathing in and out, or engaging in a technique called Havening, can help self-soothe and calm your limbic system. Watch this to learn more about Havening.

Red: In this state, you may enter fight, flight, or freeze mode. The strategies you’ll rely on here are the ones you’ve already practiced in advance. The goal is to manage the physical changes that come with this stress response. Symptoms include increased blood pressure, a rapid heart rate, or difficulty breathing. Helpful techniques include cuddling a pet, going for a jog, meditating, or even doing jumping jacks. These may help release energy and boost serotonin and dopamine levels.

3) Reflect:

This part is super important for two reasons. 

Firstly, our initial interpretation of a situation is often incorrect due to heightened emotions or personalization. Secondly, if we perceive rejection, even if it isn’t true, we will be more likely to react and anticipate rejection in the future. 

Reflect on your reasoning by asking yourself questions, such as:

• “What story am I telling myself?” 
• “What evidence is there that this story is true?” 
• “What else could it be?”

4) Reframe:

Instead of falling into the “rabbit hole,” try adopting healthy strategies.

For instance, you may consider other possible reasons for their response. Perhaps they didn’t accept the invitation because they were busy or had already seen that movie. 

Often, what we perceive as rejection is just a conflict of needs or preferences. 

Treatment and Support Options

In most cases, managing RSD requires a combination of approaches. Since there’s no one-size-fits-all solution, it may take some time and collaboration with your healthcare team to find the management plan that works best for you.

Here are some options to consider. 

Therapies

Therapy is a non-drug alternative to managing RSD. Some forms of therapy that may be recommended include: 

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This helps you recognize unhelpful thought patterns and reframe negative mindsets. It allows you to build healthier coping mechanisms, improve stress management, and manage depression or anxiety.^[5]
• Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT): CFT teaches you how to quiet your inner critic. You’ll learn to replace unfair and harmful self-judgment with self-love and kindness.^[6]
• Mindfulness-based therapy or training: Therapy or training based on mindfulness can help you develop healthy strategies to manage stress, anxiety, and rejection. It trains you to think critically and become aware of your emotions and responses, rather than acting on impulse.^[7]

Medication

Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for managing ADHD symptoms. They may also improve overall emotional regulation, which can help reduce the intensity of RSD.^[8]

Antidepressants or other prescription medications may also be considered in some cases.

It’s always best to discuss your options with a healthcare provider, especially if you’re already taking ADHD medication. This helps reduce the risk of drug interactions or side effects.

Self-Help Strategies

Apart from medications and therapy, there are everyday strategies you can use to manage RSD:

• Journaling: Writing down your thoughts and emotions provides a space for you to process them. Over time, it can also help you notice patterns and recurring triggers of RSD.
• Mindfulness practices: Simple techniques like deep breathing, yoga, or meditation can help you regain awareness and control over your emotions.
• Support groups: Sharing your experiences with others who truly understand can ease feelings of isolation. It’s a good way to remind yourself that you don’t have to walk this journey alone.

What if People Really Don’t Want to Play with You?

If RSD is a big issue for you, consider working with a therapist. Evaluating past situations can help you move forward with greater confidence. Additionally, CBT and DBT workbooks can help you work through these issues independently.

And what if people really don’t want to play with you? If this is the case, you can’t really control how other people feel about you. Only how you respond and who you choose to spend time with.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is RSD a real diagnosis?

No, RSD isn’t a formal diagnosis in the DSM-5. It isn’t an official medical condition, but rather a term used to describe the intense emotional pain some people experience when facing rejection. 

Can you have RSD without ADHD?

RSD is most often linked to ADHD. However, rejection sensitivity can affect people without ADHD, such as those who have experienced childhood trauma or bullying.

What is the best treatment for rejection sensitive dysphoria?

There’s no single “best” treatment for RSD, especially since it isn’t an officially recognized medical condition. Therapy, self-help strategies, and ADHD medications are some possible management options that can help reduce its effects. 

What’s the difference between RSD and social anxiety?

RSD mainly involves extreme emotional hurt from perceived rejection or criticism. Meanwhile, social anxiety is the fear of judgment in social situations that causes a person to avoid social interactions. 

RSD Doesn’t Have to Define Your Life or Relationships

While RSD isn’t an official medical diagnosis, its impact is very real. The good news is that it doesn’t have to prevent you from building meaningful connections and strong relationships.

If you’re unsure whether what you’re experiencing is RSD, consulting a healthcare professional can help. With the right guidance, you can develop personalized strategies and a management plan to overcome RSD and rebuild your confidence.

Want practical tips to help you navigate ADHD challenges day to day? Join ADDA+, an online community of people with ADHD working on the same problems you are. Get access to peer support, 200+ courses, webinars, and the resources you need to thrive with ADHD.

References

[1] Shin, J., Han, K. S., & Shin, H. J. (2024). Rejection Sensitivity: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2024.33.3.253

[2] Ginapp, C. M., Greenberg, N. R., MacDonald-Gagnon, G., Angarita, G. A., Bold, K. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2023). “Dysregulated not deficit”: A qualitative study on symptomatology of ADHD in young adults. PloS one, 18(10), e0292721. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292721

[3] Lesnick, J., & Mendle, J. (2021). Rejection sensitivity and negative urgency: A proposed framework of intersecting risk for peer stress. Developmental Review, 62, 100998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100998

[4] Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Neufeld, J., Bölte, S., & Isaksson, J. (2022). Emotion dysregulation in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a co-twin control study. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 16(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00528-0

[5] Müller, V., Mellor, D., & Pikó, B. F. (2024). Associations Between ADHD Symptoms and Rejection Sensitivity in College Students: Exploring a Path Model With Indicators of Mental Well-Being. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 39(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/09388982241271511

[6] Ahmadi, E., Hamid, N., & Marashi, S. A. (2018). The Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Group Therapy on Sociotropy, Sensitivity to Rejection and Angry in Girls Sensitive to Rejection in Ahvaz. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 6(3), 180–188. https://www.jrmds.in/abstract/the-effectiveness-of-compassion-focused-group-therapy-on-sociotropy-sensitivity-to-rejection-angry-in-girls-sensitive-to-1598.html

[7] Hafner, N., Pepping, C. A., & Wertheim, E. H. (2018). Dispositional mindfulness, rejection sensitivity, and behavioural responses to rejection: The role of emotion regulation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12224

[8] Kondi, K., Takács, M., Kovács-Posta, E., Szajli, C., Sebők-Welker, T., Réthelyi, J. M., & Bunford, N. (2025). Emotion dysregulation in adolescents is normalized by ADHD pharmacological treatment. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-024-00268-x

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Rick Green has been a champion of adults with ADHD for many years. He recently announced his retirement from TotallyADD.com, a website for adults with ADHD he founded. One of his wishes upon retirement has come true, and we wanted to share it with the ADDA community.

The award-winning film, “ADD & Loving It?!” is on YouTube for everyone to see!   For free! You should watch it. Watch it with your partner. Watch it with your family. Watch it with your friends.

You can learn more of the history of this film and Rick Green in the extracts from his 2014 interview with Judy Brenis.

“ADHD is not a diagnosis you need to fear. It’s a diagnosis you need to embrace,” says Rick Green, a Canadian comedian, satirist, writer and ADHD’er himself.

Green, not diagnosed with ADHD until adulthood, says seeking understanding of your ADHD is the first step.  “There are people with ADHD who are leading very successful lives,” Green says. “The difference is understanding and acceptance.”

“I don’t have a problem with my ADHD,” says Green who “came out,” in 2009 when he wrote, and directed a one-hour documentary, “ADD & Loving It?!”  This groundbreaking film stars his friend and fellow comedian, Patrick McKenna and his wife, Janis McKenna.  The film won a New York Festivals Silver Award, became a hit on PBS, and earned Green the CAMH Foundation Transforming Lives Award for 2009.  The two largest ADHD advocacy groups in America, ADDA and CHADD, have both endorsed the film.

“The documentary saves lives,” Green says, relating how one man, planning to commit suicide, instead flushed the pills he was going to take down the toilet after watching the film and realizing there was hope.

“It’s (ADHD) just a different way of being,” Green says. “It’s certainly awkward at times,” he admits, “it can be difficult to do, but I just have to remind myself to buckle down and get through this moment.”

“ADHD doesn’t make you a bad person. It has nothing to do with intelligence. It doesn’t make you stupid or lazy. “

Green, working in television at the time, says that when his seventh-grade son went from the top of his class to failing and was diagnosed with ADHD, he started to do some research and realized that the apple didn’t fall from the tree.

He says he began to understand why he was really good at some things, yet really bad at others. In the past everyone had dismissed an ADHD diagnosis because he was successful.

Rick Green uses laughter to entertain and to educate. A comic actor, writer and producer, he is known for his work with the Frantics comedy troupe and on such award-winning television series as “History Bites” and “Prisoners of Gravity.”

Rick wrote and performed in The Red Green Show for 11 seasons as the bumbling outdoorsman Bill. The Red Green Show has spun off books (which Green co-wrote and illustrated), DVD’s, CDs and more.  It remains Canada’s longest-running comedy series.

Since being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), he uses his humor and passion to advocate on behalf of those with the condition. He has created highly acclaimed communication tools to dispel myths and has provided ADHD-friendly solutions for millions of teens and adults worldwide.

Rick has been appointed to the Order of Ontario, and on June 30, 2017, the Governor General of Canada announced Green’s appointment as a Member of the Order of Canada for “his contributions to Canadian television as a comedian, actor and writer, and for his efforts to raise awareness and understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

According to Green, as many as 15 percent of adults have ADHD and only about half of those are doing anything about it. “But to be successful you have to know who you are. When you know and you start dealing with it, you can have a life you absolutely love.”

Judy Brenis is an ADHD coach based in Santa Cruz, California. ADHD has touched her life in the form of her 24-year-old daughter who was diagnosed with ADHD at age five, and Judy is passionate about helping those with ADHD create successful, happy, and healthy lives. Reach her at www.adhdcoachingjudy.com/.

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As I read Launching into Young Adulthood with ADHD, Ready or Not by Chris A Zeigler Dendy, M S. and Ruth Hughes, Ph.D., I was reminded of the many traits, experiences and challenges that face teens and young adults with ADHD.

In the first chapter of this book, a Message of Hope, the authors answer an important question; Can you help your teen with ADHD move into successful adulthood? They said the answer was a resounding, “Yes!” This question and answer leads into the rest of the book.

There are chapters about very important issues related to school. These important areas include such diverse topics as 504s and IEPs to federal law. These are extremely important to help teens with ADHD in school. Medication for teens with ADHD is another important area they discuss. The authors say the most important factor to consider is finding the right medical professional for your teen.

A lack of sleep can dramatically affect your ADHD symptoms. Since so many children and teens are chronically deprived of good quality sleep, the authors talk about ADHD Sleep Facts. They also share some sleep strategies to help with falling and staying asleep. Of course, they also provide strategies to help with waking up.

One of their suggestions is that parents should educate themselves about ADHD, executive function and their impact on school performance and behavior. Armed with more knowledge, you’ll be better equipped to find the appropriate person to help you with ADHD issues and related issues that often appear, such as self-esteem.

This book helps you find ways you can help your child with ADHD learn to get along with others, manage anxiety and navigate the special issues that come along with middle school and high school.

The next part of the book explores a very important area, decisions about after high school graduation. How do you select and apply to the right college? How can you help your teens succeed in college? This book also helps you consider important questions such as deciding if college is the right option for your teen. You may be better off helping your son or daughter launch a career. And of course, there’s always the speed bumps we encounter along the way.

I particularly enjoyed the photo gallery where the authors shared pictures of their own children as they grew from teen to adulthood. They also included other teens and young adults.

I think this book is a must read for the parents of teens and young adults with ADHD. Teachers and medical personnel will benefit from reading this book as well, as it will help them better understand issues facing teens and young adults with ADHD. This book offers suggestions for better ways to work with their students and patients with ADHD.

On a personal note, I have met both Chris A. Zeigler Dendy and Dr. Ruth Hughes through volunteering for CHADD in the 1990s. It was an honor and a pleasure to serve with them on CHADD committees and to see and hear them present at various ADHD Conferences over the years.

Reading their book, Launching into Young Adulthood with ADHD, Ready or Not has only reinforced what I learned from working with them and listening to their presentations.

Thank you for giving me the opportunity to review this book.

Annette Tabor is a graduate of Chatham College in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She lives in Florida with her husband. They raised two daughters and are now the proud grandparents of 4 grandchildren. Four years ago, Annette retired from a 40-year teaching career. Now, she tutors part time, volunteers with ADDA, and enjoys her grandchildren. She is happy to serve on the ADDA Board leading the Education Committee.

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What’s the difference between self-confidence and self-esteem?

They might seem like the same thing, but they are different in a few fundamental ways.

Self-confidence is a person’s attitude about their capabilities and skills. A person with good self-confidence feels like they have control over their lives. Self-esteem is how a person perceives their own value and self-worth. A person with high self-esteem is open to different ideas and comfortable socially.

Both your self-confidence and self-esteem can change over time based on your life experiences and the people you surround yourself with.

It is possible to have self-confidence and, at the same time, have low self-esteem. As mentioned, there are differences between the two.

Self-Confidence

Self-confidence is how you project yourself to other people. An expert golfer may feel very confident in their ability to play golf. Golf is a skill they have acquired through practice. You can build confidence through a skill set. You can develop your confidence further through practice and accomplishments others see. Confidence is something you feel inside, something other people notice in you.

But even if you have confidence in your skills, you may not feel self-confident. People might tell you how well you are performing while you still lack confidence in your skills. Confidence shows up as skills, developed and demonstrated to the world.

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Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is how you see yourself on the inside, and is invisible to the outside world. When people think they see self-esteem in another, they are actually seeing self-confidence.

Self-esteem is on the inside. It doesn’t come from skills. Self-esteem results from who you are.

Self-esteem results when you believe in your inherent goodness. This may seem to be a radical concept for people with ADHD.

The concept is that we are brought into this world, and we are made of love. Love is often described as the highest feeling there is. If you want to feel self-esteem, you must feel love and have love for yourself. 

You need to take the feeling of love you have for others – such as for your spouse, a baby, for playing an instrument, or for reading – and pull that feeling inside to feel that love for yourself.

Where You Get Self-Esteem

Where does self-esteem come from?

Loving and affectionate parents support and praise children. Parents build up their child’s belief that the world is a good place.

The child becomes an adult with people around them who support and love them. Their self-esteem comes from their interaction with their families and their environment. 

Children who do not experience this will lack a sense of inner value and worthiness.

As children grow up – and experience hurt and pain – their self-esteem decreases. They lose self-worth and their fundamental feelings of worthiness.

Self-esteem is the absolute core of a person’s identity, and the core of the level of success they will experience in the world.

Some people will say you are “no good.” And often, your own thoughts will tell you the same thing.

You must learn to combat these feelings when others knock down your self-esteem. You must always tell yourself how good you are, how precious and deserving you are.

If it seems impossible to overcome the criticism from people around you (and from your own thoughts), we invite you to listen to ADDA Webinar recordings from Dr. Miriam Reiss.

If you’d like to join a supportive and inclusive community of people who understand what you’re going through, check out ADDA+.

ADDA Webinars are available at no charge for all ADDA members. This library of hundreds of recorded Webinars features leading experts in adult ADHD. This article is based on an excerpt from the 2015 Webinar, The ADHD Guide: Unshakable Self Confidence & Self Esteem – with Dr. Miriam Reiss. Dr. Reiss has also recently presented Self-Esteem for Anyone and Everyone with ADHD (July 2020). If you are not an ADDA member, join today.

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Many adults with ADHD seeking treatment don’t know where to turn. Do you need a psychiatrist? A psychologist? A coach? A medical doctor? To make it even more confusing, the answer might be “Yes” to all these. You might work with all these professionals, though not all at once, to live your best life as an adult with ADHD.

A psychologist will administer the tests that lead to an adult ADHD diagnosis. You’ll work with a psychiatrist or medical doctor if you include medication in your treatment. They will help you test medications and doses to find your best option. But once you’ve found a medication that works, you’ll continue to work with your doctor to monitor your general health, and you’ll work with other mental health professionals as needed.

But if they don’t tell you, I will. Pills don’t teach skills. You’ll hear this a lot from mental health professionals, ADDA volunteers, and adults with ADHD who are thriving. There’s no “cure” for ADHD. There’s no medication that will control all your symptoms. You still need to learn skills and strategies to get along in a neurotypical world as a neurodivergent adult.

And that’s where an ADHD coach or an ADHD therapist comes in. But do you need an ADHD coach or a therapist? In this article, we’ll explore the differences between coaches and therapists. Discover how to find the right professional for you.

Approach to ADHD

Generally speaking, psychotherapy treats ADHD as a mental health disorder. The goal of treatment is to reduce or stop symptoms, and improve quality of life. ADHD impacts many areas of your life. Adults with ADHD have increased risk for co-occurring disorders. This can include addiction, anxiety, depression, OCD, and relationship problems. When a psychotherapist understands ADHD and co-occurring disorders, they can help you learn to manage both. A trained therapist can help you develop executive skills. They can also help improve how you respond to uncomfortable emotions.

Many therapists are shifting their approach away from the disorder model of ADHD. Dr. Ned Hallowell, leading ADHD expert, proposes we de-medicalize ADHD. He sees ADHD as a different way of approaching the world. With Dr. Hallowell leading the way, many now see the strengths of ADHD. The focus then becomes helping the challenges that arise from out-of-control ADHD.

Coaches are not trained in the medical model. They help clients use their strengths in different ways to achieve their goals. They will help you develop executive skills for planning and prioritization, organization, task initiation and time management. They can help you create systems to adjust for gaps in working memory and other challenges. These can range from customized document templates to structuring your workspace. There are endless options for optimization and creativity.

ADHD coaches and ADHD therapists’ methods have some overlap. Both coaches and therapists use cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing methods. These can help you change your behavior and strengthen your executive skills. Coaches take a collaborative approach. Therapists approach clients in therapeutic modality, but that is often similar. Coaches focus on developing skills. Therapists spend more time on reducing symptoms. But coaches may offer tips for general stress management. And psychotherapists can help you find tools to better manage tasks.

Training

Psychotherapists must have a masters’ or doctoral degree. They follow state guidelines to maintain their license. And they must pass board certification exams and attend continuing education courses. Not all therapists receive training to work with people with ADHD. Graduate programs focus on common mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. Standard curricula don’t cover neurological disorders like ADHD in depth. Therapists who work with people with ADHD improve their skills through internships and extra courses.

The training for coaches varies. Some ADHD coaches attend life coaching programs. Others attend coaching programs specific to ADHD like the ADD Coach Academy. For certification, coaches attend classes and complete hours of coaching with clients. Coaches also improve their skills with continuing education and work with mentor coaches.

Coach or therapist, you must ask about their training and about their experience with clients with ADHD. Especially with ADHD clients like you.

Cost

While you may have doubts, many adults with ADHD who’ve worked with ADHD coaches and therapists will confirm that you are worth the investment. You may think, “Nothing will work for me,” but working with the right professional will change your mind.

Coaches often sell packages of 3-20 sessions. Pricing can range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. Coaches may also offer services like accountability check-ins, weekly e-mails and assessments. Coaching isn’t covered by most insurance plans. But you may be able to use your FSA or HSA.

Psychotherapists charge by the session at $100-$250 per session. Therapy is often covered by insurance. If the therapist is not in your insurance network, you may get partial coverage with an out of network claim. Also, you can use your FSA or HSA.

Still Unsure Which is Right for You?

While ADHD offers many strengths, it can feel unmanageable at times. If you’re on the fence about whether to work with a mental health professional, find a therapist who can provide a clinical recommendation. Otherwise, I’d encourage you to find a couple of psychotherapists and coaches that interest you, and reach out to them with your questions. Whoever you choose, it’s most important you find someone you feel is a good fit for you!

Tools to Help Find the Right Professional for You

Here are a couple of tools below to find the right professional for you:

ADDA+ Community

ADDA offers its ADDA+ membership, with complete access to all our resources, including 200+ webinars, courses, virtual support groups, and more resources on handling ADHD.

ADDA’s Professional Directory

ADDA has their own professional directory including coaches and psychotherapists who specialize in ADHD.

https://add.org/professional-directory/

CHADD’s Professional Directory

The CHADD Directory is a resource for finding professionals, products, or others providing services for families and individuals living with ADHD.

https://chadd.org/professional-directory/

The ADHD Coaches Organization

The ADHD Coaches Organization (ACO) has a directory of their members, all coaches who are trained and certified.

https://www.adhdcoaches.org/directory-of-coaches

Psychology Today

Psychology Today’s Therapy Directory lists clinical professionals, psychiatrists and treatment centers who provide mental health services in the US and internationally.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us

Cassandra Wolff, LPC, is a licensed professional counselor in the states of Pennsylvania and Texas. Her specialties include working with individuals, couples, and families with ADHD. Over half of the patients in her practice are individuals or family members of those with ADHD. Learn more here.

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People ask me this question all the time – no matter how many times I say I’m not a qualified professional.

I’m going to assume that something prompted you to research adult ADHD and ask this question.

Sometimes we hit a wall – where the relational, emotional, health, and career implications of undiagnosed ADHD become so dire that we must make a move.

If you are in this place, and you feel like you are ready to find out what’s going on, I encourage you to find a qualified professional and seek a full evaluation. If you aren’t already a member of ADDA – join here, so you can utilize all of the resources there. Within the organization there are a lot of connections and somebody can refer you to a clinician in your area.

If you’re feeling unsure, take some of the self-assessments online to gauge your comfort with a full evaluation.

While you decide, my best advice would be to learn more about ADHD and spend some time talking to other adults with ADHD. Listen to their stories and get some feedback and support.

Community means everything these days – with or without ADHD.

Good luck!

-liz

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The newly published “A Radical Guide for Women with ADHD” by Sari Solden, MS and Michelle Frank PsyD  is more than a guide to overcome your struggles with ADHD but insight into living a life free from the shame and negativity we carry with us.

Women with ADHD spend so much time and effort making up for what we believe to be our short comings we don’t realize how important it is to take pride in our strengths. Honestly, we expend so much effort in “fixing” ourselves, we don’t even take the time to look for them. Because they come naturally to us and take very little effort it’s easy to overlook these strengths and take them for granted.  For women with ADHD it is natural to pay more attention to our weaknesses.

In working with ADDA for several years and with my therapist I’ve been made aware as to the extent of I’ve diminished the importance of my talents and skills.  This book is a pivot point in overcoming my doubts and appreciating what I have to offer.

“A Radical Guide for Women with ADHD” is a game changer in empowering women to accept their neurodiversity. This book guides through exercises that take reader by the hand and accompany them on the journey of discovery as they look deep into their hearts to define their challenges and do the necessary work to choose a path to a stronger more confident and peaceful life.

This book is not a guide to change – but to accept your differences, ditch the shame and feelings of inadequacy and help you uncover your authentic self that has been buried for so many years. It helps you find your voice and there is nothing more empowering than being seen and heard.

In working through the exercises you identify the exact areas that have become tangled in your life due to ADHD. In working through these you can find your way to untangle them assisted by the clear direction of the authors.

I have to confess, as much as I was looking forward to the release of this book, I was somewhat reluctant to once again face how much misery ADHD can cause.  A few pages into the first chapter I knew this book was different.  The design of each page is such that draws you in and holds your interest which makes the content flow easily.

Life is about human connections. There is nothing more important than connecting to your authentic self. To understand your neurodiversity and not only accept but celebrate those differences. A truly radical concept for women with ADHD!

“A Radical Guide for Women with ADHD” is a book that will soon be more of a companion than a guide.  I know I will go back to it as I continue to grow and accept my neurodiversity. I will always be able to re-visit the questions as my life changes, finding and accepting myself along the way and enjoying the confidence and peace I have always longed for.

Thank you to Sari Solden and Michelle Frank for this unique gift to women with ADHD!

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Q: I am new to adhd and was wondering if there are any online women’s groups or chat rooms? Or any other support for women like teaching seminars, etc.?

Well you are asking the right person this question! LOL I love support groups – it’s my whole life.

As a member of ADDA you have several options. Here is a link to the group page – https://add.org/adda-virtual-programs/

Here is a link to my private support community as well – https://the-adhd-enclave.mn.co/settings/landing-page

Depending on where you live, you might be able to find a local CHADD chapter as well. Here is a link to a CHADD “message board” type of thing – https://chadd.org/online-community/

Now, I want to be honest with you and tell you I am NOT a fan of the huge Facebook groups out there. Yes, they are free. But they are also full of misinformation and negativity.  

Social support is sooooo important, I congratulate you on your willingness to look for support. 

Keep in touch, let me know how you’re doing!

-liz

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Q: Hello Liz, I lived most of my life knowing that I had dyslexia and recently find out that I also had ADHD. Do you have any information for individual with both of those conditions? It’s been really difficult.

Researchers have known about the link between dyslexia and ADHD for a while. And while you cannot “cure” either one of them you do have some options.

If you are an adult, and the combo is making it difficult to function at home and at work, I would look into some support services. It’s never too late. The more information you have, the better you are able to make decisions.

I’d start with whomever diagnosed with ADHD. Do they have any recommendations?

I did a quick search and found a ton of info for you:

• Here is a webinar recording with Dr. Roberto Olivardia – he is great! https://add.org/product/webinar-may-18-2016-adhd-dyslexia/
• https://www.additudemag.com/adult-adhd-learning-disabilities-dyslexia/
• https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-dyslexia-connection/
• https://chadd.org/?s=adult+dyslexia

Hope this helps at least a little.

And don’t be afraid to look for social support. ADDA has great groups!

– Liz

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So I did a quick search and (not surprisingly) I didn’t find much in the way of data about an ADHDer living with someone who is battling an autoimmune disease. The closest thing I could find were some articles about having both ADHD and an autoimmune disorder.

With that said, it sounds like you are questioning the living arrangements in general?  Not just because of your new diagnosis?

ADHD can be problematic in relationships, as we do not communicate very well sometimes. So it makes sense that we might have trouble with any sort of living arrangement. We are not easy to live with, you know? And your roommate is dealing with a lot as well.

I would focus on the relationship itself, healing that, making decisions about where YOU stand –  and then determine if you need to be apartment hunting.

Here are some resources:

• This one is about anger in relationships – https://add.org/tadd-2017-diminishing-anger-relationships-impacted-adhd/
• This is a website devoted to “marriage” but worth looking into – https://www.adhdmarriage.com
• Check out Ari Tuckman (I’ve heard him speak and I love him) – https://tuckmanpsych.com

Stay well! And thanks for reaching out!

xoxoxo

– Liz

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I don’t want sympathy. I just want to share my perspective about ADHD. I’m 32 and I have two amazing little girls. They love their wonderful papa and gorgeous grandma, bless their hearts.

I’m currently doing a degree in nursing. I have ADHD combined-type. I hate the city and urban life. I feel overwhelmed from information overload. And I feel the stares and emotional rejection. Needless to say, I find the world exhausting.

From pre-school to the start of high school, I never kept a single friendship for more than a couple weeks. I was considered weird and different. I was ALWAYS teased. Any new kid that chatted with me was quickly warned away. They soon turned against me and joined in the regular mocking.

I hung out with my younger brother and our cousins, mostly boys. I always unknowingly upset my female cousins. I got along fine with the boys, aside from the occasional fist fight!

My older brother and I were notorious for our fights. He was overbearing, arrogant and stubborn. But I never ever gave into his demands. I was more stubborn, hence the fights. My dad used to say, before he’d leave the house “Please don’t start the second Vietnam War!” It still makes me laugh.

My mum often beat me as I was growing up. I still have no clue why. But I learned to brace myself for the painful impact, trying to stifle my involuntary screams. On the other hand, my dad never mistreated me. He never made me uncomfortable. He was my rock. My parents divorced, (THANK GOD – not kidding!) in my primary school years.

My dad met my step-mum when I was 13 years old. The best timing for my dad, right? My step-mum taught me just enough basic social etiquette to maintain friendships at school. These friends were rarely close enough to bring home, though I did occasionally attend church with one of them.

I had no experience with a “normal” a mother-daughter relationship. So, when my dad remarried, I refused to accept her as my “mum.” My dad openly demanded I call her “Mum”, and after protests and fights, I would force the words out. Thankfully, some friends at high school told me I didn’t actually have to call her that, so I stopped. Finally, SOMEONE validated my feelings! My dad questioned me, but instead of justifying myself, I argued right back. Finally, he understood I was taking a stand and defying him, and he chose to remain silent as he looked away.

In high school, I was often bullied. I often cried due to the stress but with the support of my friends, I was very resilient. There wasn’t really much choice. I once reported the bullying and cried when I got home. My dad and step-mum were upset and took me with them to see the principal the next morning. The principal convinced my parents to dismiss the issue! They wouldn’t take me seriously! Me against the principal? Come on. But that’s the story of my life! I’m sure plenty of you can relate.

I’m rarely taken seriously. But we ADHDers only need the support of a few people. I’m lucky one of the people who believes in me is a coordinator at my unit in nursing school.

I’m just like every other ADHDer out there… men women and kids. We’ve all gone through a lot. Most of us STILL go through TONS of struggles in many different areas of our lives. HEAPS more than non-ADHDers. We are no strangers to adversity! But that’s what makes us GREAT leaders when we discover our passion.

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That is the greeting from YouTube sensation Jessica McCabe to address her fellow adult ADHD’rs. Jessica explains in her TED talk, “Failing at Normal – An ADHD Success Story”, that she uses that greeting to address us because it’s actually our brains that drive all of our activity. Think about it. Your brain decided to open the email containing this newsletter. Then it decided to click on the link to this article. Hopefully right now it’s telling you this article is interesting enough to finish reading. All our decisions and behavior are determined by our brains.

As an old(ish) adult diagnosed at the age of fifty-eight, I was determined to do whatever I could to not only salvage what was left of my life but to turn it into a masterpiece. A lofty goal, but really what is there to lose? So, like all the rest of you reading this right now, I began my search for resources to help reach my goal.

I’ve spent countless hours on the internet looking for answers. I’ve bought and read dozens of books on ADHD, I’ve even finished some of them! As we all know this can be a frustrating experience as many of the answers we find only lead to more questions. Plus, frankly, sometimes it just sucks that we have to do this at all.

But there are those moments when you read something and recognize yourself. You feel you’ve stumbled upon someone that truly understands what you’re going through. You’ve made a connection with this person and in that moment, you are not alone.

For me, one of those people is Jessica McCabe. I happened upon her TED talk after googling ADHD for the gazillionth time in the hopes of finding something new and timely. And, boy oh boy, did I find it.

Jessica’s TED talk, which made its debut in Jan 2016, was a breath of fresh air. In her talk, she bravely described her painful realities of living with ADHD as a child into adulthood. She freely admitted her vulnerability in this new forum, which only served to make her presentation that much more authentic.

But this wasn’t a poor me story. Jessica had done her research and related with great clarity the biological science of ADHD and its effect on our brains, our behavior and our feelings.

She spoke of her own frustrations in finding reliable resources for ADHD’rs. So, she did what is normal for someone with an ADHD brain. She found a new way, her way, to fill that void. With no idea how to do so, she forged ahead and started a YouTube channel, “How to ADHD” which has soared to success and currently has over 160,000 subscribers! “How to ADHD” has over 100 short videos that address the many issues we face and ways to deal with them. Jessica accomplished this in about two years. Wow, talk about hyper-focus!

I’ve struggled to find a way to end this article. And then I realized that there is no end because it’s all about beginnings. Everyday our brains encounter problems but we also discover our own unique solutions.

Jessica McCabe touched me, she gave me hope, she made me proud to be a member of our ADHD tribe. If she can inspire an old(ish) woman like me to keep looking for my answers, to believe in new beginnings, just imagine how many young(ish) ADHD’rs will find their own way to lead our tribe? We’re in good hands.

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In my practice, I see both adults and children with ADHD. It doesn’t surprise anymore me to see a twenty-six-year-old who hasn’t done well in school, who is not succeeding in life and who’s wondering what is wrong with them. Then they are diagnosed with ADHD. What does surprise me is how long it took to be diagnosed.

I don’t blame the patient; I believe our education system is at fault. How could a teacher not see something is wrong? ADHD is not a hidden problem that only appears on weekends or vacations, it is there at all times. When a student cannot sit still, always walks around the room, talks to their neighbors and maybe causes trouble in the class, are all signs. This behavior does not happen in just one class but in many classes. It does not happen in just one term but many terms. So, why does no one put it all together? How could our teachers miss it? Or taken another way, why don’t our teachers care?

The next question is not for the teachers but for the parents. I understand parents may not be academically equipped to make a diagnosis, but we do see our children? We do know when our children are difficult, acting up, or just obnoxious. Those issues alone may not be a telltale sign, but when put together with bad grades at school, teachers complaints, our children saying they are unhappy and don’t want to go to school, that should be enough of a signal something may not be correct. So, how are parents missing it?

I have seen too many adults with ADHD who have problems with their job, (if they have one), they can’t cope or read well and are afraid to admit that to anyone. Some never graduated high school, having dropped out rather than continue their bad educational experience. Some can’t maintain a relationship and don’t know why. They get married and it doesn’t work out so they want a divorce. Many times, they have been married more than twice and still do not understand what the problems are. They can’t get along and it’s always the other person’s fault.

I could go on and on, but the scenarios don’t really change. The only thing that changes is the ages of the patients; they get older and nothing is done. They have problems in their workplace, they rarely succeed, the work is never done and they have problems with their boss. All this is a continuation of their schooling and of how they were raised.

So, how do we stop the cycle? What can we do to start these people on a better path? The easy answer is if they come seeking help and want to stop the carnage of their lives, we can help.

Our schools need to do a better job identifying these children who exhibit ADHD tendencies. I see no reason why a school counselor or teacher cannot review their school records to determine if testing for ADHD is necessary. At the very least the child will be looked at and maybe an alternative suggestion will be found to assist this youngster.

If a parent feels their child is not acting appropriately they could take the child to a professional for an evaluation. A physician can make an evaluation based on all the information which would send a child for further study. If a parent sees their children are not acting the same as other children of the same age, then a doctor’s visit is needed.

Not attending to the needs of an ADHD child has ramifications in adulthood. They may not be able to make it on their own. They may not be able to hold a job, pay their bills and may be dependent on others for assistance. They may have no friends and may not be able to take care of their children or make decisions that will cripple their children as they are growing up. We are just multiplying the problems.

What do we do? If you suspect that your children may have a problem, get them to your physician. You may want to speak to the school and get their views, meet with all their teachers and hear them out. You may want to speak with the parents of your child’s friends to see if anything strange is occurring in their home.

There is a lot you can do, but first, you need to want to do it. Awareness in the education system and for parents is the first step in helping your ADHD child grows into a successful adult.

Howard Chusid, Ed.D, LMHC, NCC is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, a National Certified Counselor, and a Board Certified Professional Counselor. He also has ADD himself. Dr. Chusid is also a Florida Supreme Court Certified Family and Circuit Civil Mediator and works with divorcing couples with special needs children. http://www.Thehelpingplacefl.com 

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Evelyn’s mother (of the same name) was a fierce advocate for education and an inspiring woman who pushed through the barriers of discrimination and oppression with grit and great generosity to others. To celebrate the life of Evelyn’s mother, and, indeed, to simultaneously celebrate the gifts and dedication of Evelyn herself, ADDA is pleased to announce that we will be offering a free student membership to women of color who are pursuing higher education (regardless of age!). [popuppress id=”28262″]

Our warm wishes are with the Green family at this time, and always.

Evelyn Virginia Farmer

Evelyn Virginia Farmer was born on May 1, 1923 in Grant Town, West Virginia. She was one of six siblings born to Frank and Ruth Booker Farmer, who both preceded her in death.

After graduating from Washington High School, Evelyn planned to attend college to become a teacher, but the Great Depression and WWII interrupted her plans. During the War, she became a real-life “Rosie the Riveter,” building planes on a factory line and saving her earnings and summers for school. By age 25, she earned her bachelor’s degree in education from Bluefield College in 1946. She began her career teaching in a rural one-room schoolhouse and moved on to teaching positions in West Virginia, Virginia and Ohio.

Her family joined the Great Migration (a time when Blacks moved west and north to escape Jim Crow) and settled in Chicago in the late Fifties. Always independent, especially for a Black woman at that time, she continued to support her extended family, eventually teaching the in the Chicago Public School system.

Once in Chicago, she met Joel Phelps Polk and they were married in 1960, followed closely by the birth of their two children over the next three years. While they didn’t remain married, they did remain friends and took care of each other and their children until Joe’s death in 1978.

Evelyn continued her journey towards educational and economic empowerment as a single parent, teaching at Betsy Ross Elementary School while working towards her master’s degree from Governor’s State University. She spent the last few years of her nearly 45-year career teaching preschoolers at Francis Parkman School, retiring from CPS in 1992.

Evelyn was a member of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. as well as the National Sorority of Phi Delta Kappa, Inc. educational organization.

Mrs. Polk never rested until everyone was taken care of and she was constantly thinking of ways to support others — even if it sometimes came at her own expense. She dished out love and tough advice and rarely pulled punches about what she thought. She pushed everyone around her to value and pursue new learning opportunities and to work through the toughest of times on the way to success.

Evelyn is survived by daughter Evelyn Green, son Joel S. Polk, both of Chicago, and two grandchildren, Perry W. Green, III and Robert Jordan Green. She is also survived by a host of nieces, nephews and cousins, many of whom she cared for during her life.

As generous in death as she was in life, Evelyn donated her remains to science and medical education.

In Memoriam Donations

The family has requested that in lieu of flowers, donations in memory of Evelyn Virginia Farmer be made to ADDA.

Please make your “In Memoriam” donation here.

Thank you to the family and friends, on behalf of everyone at ADDA.

To your success,

Duane Gordon, President

Attention Deficit Disorder Association

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We often talk about “neuro-diversity”, for just as we combat prejudice against people with ADHD, we must also combat discrimination against all people with invisible differences. And in that same vein, we would be remiss not to express solidarity with other people and organizations fighting the same fight for equality and respect in the world; the fight for human rights.

ADDA cares about people who experience hardship due to differences, both seen and unseen. Just as we believe that ADHD lives matter, we believe that Black lives matter. We believe that Blue lives matter. We believe that LGBT lives matter. And we believe that we, as citizens of this world, as human beings, all have a part to play in making the world a better place. While it is certainly true that all lives matter, right now we must focus on those facing particular challenges, including the threat of violence and potential loss of life.

Mental health demands “psychological flexibility.” A healthy mind can see two different viewpoints at once and allow them both to have truth. For instance, you can mourn both the black lives AND police lives that were lost last week – at the same time. You can feel devastated about the loss of police lives AND simultaneously want our criminal justice system to do something about racial inequality. You can have experienced great hardship in your life AND also benefit – albeit often unintentionally – from a system that benefits you in some way because of your gender identity, skin color, sexual orientation, financial standing, or educational opportunities. These things can – must – ALL be true at once, as heavy as they are – wrapped up in so much complexity, so many layers.

There are many shocking events happening right now in Baton Rouge, in Minnesota and in Dallas. We also want to take a moment to honor the lives devastatingly lost in Orlando. And we support all people internationally, where we’re also witnessing horrendous violence, all motivated by fear and hatred of the “other.” Don’t let it overwhelm you.

As shocked, heartbroken and frustrated as we have been by these events, we have also found ourselves inspired, emboldened and empowered by the actions of people – small groups of ordinary people – who have chosen to lift one another up with small acts of kindness. We are grateful to those who have been brave enough to participate in the hard conversations that are necessary to move forward together.

Take time for reflection. Sit with whatever thoughts and feelings might be arising for you in the midst of this past week. Prioritize your self-care and reach out for support and connection. ADDA is a great place to find resources and connect with like-minded individuals in our virtual support groups. For example, our African American Support Group, our Queer Women and Non-Binary People Support Group.

Youu’re always welcome here. At ADDA, we VALUE difference! We don’t believe in tolerance; we believe in embracing and honoring diversity of all kinds. We believe that the more inclusive, understanding, compassionate, and open we are, the better chance we each have to make a difference in this great big world.

When you are ready, consider the questions: “What can I do to be a bit kinder, a bit more compassionate, a bit more informed? As a person with ADHD, what do I hope my loved ones will do to support me and how can I do those things for someone else, for someone DIFFERENT from me?”

We all have our role to play.

In a concrete demonstration of the values ADDA holds dear, we will be working on creating, collecting and sharing resources related to diversity issues and ADHD. If you have a story about living with ADHD and other differences that you would like to share, or if you would like to help in this effort, please contact us at info@add.org.

May we all do what we can, however small, to be the change we wish to see in the world.

To your success,

Duane

Duane Gordon, President
The Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA)

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When we’re bored, it can be challenging to muster up the energy and motivation to get anything accomplished. To make matters worse, understimulated ADHD can lead to impulsive behavior or getting stuck in negative thinking patterns. In short, boredom often leads to trouble.

The ADHD brain seeks out stimulation, and it doesn’t differentiate between positive and negative. This is why it is so important to avoid falling into the boredom rut, where thoughts and distractability can run amok! While it’s impossible (and maybe not even preferable) to avoid boredom completely, there are a few things you can do to keep it to a minimum in order to avoid those ADHD pitfalls.

1. Focus on your passion. Spend time each day doing what you love! It will activate your mind, fight stress, and help you get boring tasks done. On top of that, spending some quality time doing something you love will make you more productive when it’s time to buckle down.
2. If you don’t know what you’re passionate about, do some investigating. What did you love to do when you were a child? What would you do if you didn’t have any responsibilities? What have you always wanted to try but keep putting off? The ADHD brain loves an adventure and novelty, after all!
3. Create a list of interesting activities. ADHDers often struggle to access this basic information, especially when they are faced with boredom, overwhelm, or stress. If you are not a list person, find some other way of reminding yourself of the things you enjoy doing. Consider making a box of index cards with different activities and blindly pick one when you’re struggling to decide what to do.
4. Keep a busy (but not too busy) schedule. While you don’t want to over-schedule yourself, it is important to stay just busy enough to avoid boredom setting in. It’s easier to keep the ball rolling than to get it moving in the first place.
5. Get active. Take a walk, dance around, play outside, do laundry. It doesn’t matter what you do, just move! This will activate both your mind and your body and improve energy levels, mood, concentration, and motivation.

Spending time having fun and enjoying life is not selfish, it’s an important part of self-care and makes you more productive in the long run. Next time you feel bored, use it as a cue that your brain needs attention. Give it what it needs and you’ll be pleasantly and enjoyably surprised!

You can join virtual peer support groups, find ADHD coaches, access 200+ webinars, and more when you join ADDA+.

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Between 25 and 40 percent of prison inmates have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and most are undiagnosed and untreated.

This is an alarming overrepresentation considering that it’s estimated that only four to eight percent of the general population has ADHD.

What is most concerning is that often criminal activity and incarceration could have been prevented if ADHD symptoms were properly identified and treated.

Incarceration and Recidivism Can Be Prevaented

Society is paying a high price for the failure to identify and treat ADHD within the justice system. Millions of tax dollars are funding legal proceedings and the incarceration of individuals for crimes that could have been avoided.

Furthermore, individuals with ADHD are more likely to repeat offenses and break parole than non-ADHDers. This creates a vicious cycle that wastes more tax dollars and ultimately, ruins lives.

The proper identification and treatment for ADHD can help prevent at-risk youth from engaging in criminal behaviors and reduce recidivism in adolescents and adults.

ADHD Is Not Just for Children Anymore

ADHD is commonly associated with hyperactive children, but it is so much more than that. Once thought to be a childhood disorder, we now know that inattentiveness, impulsivity, and other symptoms often persist into adult ADHD.

Furthermore, ADHD symptoms are the result of impaired executive function, which means individuals with ADHD struggle with planning, organization, time management, and sustaining focus.

The impaired executive function also affects impulse control, frustration tolerance, and emotional regulation.

The ADHD brain constantly searches for novelty, attracted to highly stimulating and often risky activities.

What’s more, many adults with untreated ADHD self-medicate with drugs or alcohol. All these behaviors increase the likelihood of legal issues and criminal charges.

ADHD symptoms also affect the individual’s ability to navigate the justice system from their first contact with law enforcement. Inattention impairs the ability to provide accurate details about events in question, which may falsely indicate guilt.

Working memory deficits may affect their ability to understand Miranda rights, while impulsivity and the inability to plan ahead may lead the individual to blurt out incriminating information prior to consulting an attorney.

Minor Mistakes Can Lead to Major Problems

ADHD symptoms are detrimental throughout the legal process. Individuals with ADHD often experience difficulty gathering legal paperwork.

Poor time management skills lead to missed appointments with legal counsel or failure to appear for court dates.

Disorganization and a lack of planning lead to unpaid fines and failure to meet legal obligations. Additionally, inattentiveness often leaves the impression the individual is uncooperative or indifferent.

These issues can cause a downward spiral leading to incarceration and longer sentences.

Once incarcerated, poor emotional regulation, low frustration tolerance, and impulsivity lead to behavioral issues and tension between inmates.

This increases the risk of physical altercations and violence among inmates, threatening the safety of inmates and staff.

Again, inattention and poor planning skills may be misinterpreted as defiance and indifference by prison staff, legal counsel, and parole boards, often resulting in harsh consequences for ADHD inmates and even loss of eligibility for parole.

ADHD Impacts Recidivism

Once released, research indicates that individuals with ADHD are more likely than others to end up incarcerated again.

When left untreated, ADHD symptoms such as disorganization and forgetfulness put these individuals at risk of violating probation and parole unintentionally. Poor time management skills can lead to missed appointments with the parole officer and curfew violations.

The impaired executive function makes it difficult for those on probation or parole to plan for upcoming events and fulfill their legal obligations. This vicious cycle often leads to more jail time, ruined lives, and wasted tax dollars.

Ending the Cycle

The Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA) is working to end this vicious cycle. In 2007, ADDA formed the Correctional Health/Justice Committee to address issues related to ADHD in the justice system.

Partnering with the Delaware Center for Justice (DCJ) in 2010, they designed a re-entry initiative to address the specific needs of inmates with ADHD.

Addressing ADHD-related issues for these inmates has proven enormously successful, improving inmate behavior during incarceration, reducing recidivism, and improving inmate success upon release.

In fact, it has proven so successful they are trying to standardize this program so it can be implemented in other correctional facilities across the country.

In January 2014, ADDA’s Correctional Health/Justice Committee released a white paper based on the research and the experiences of those involved in the ADHD Corrections Project in Delaware to raise awareness and initiate changes in the way correctional institutions identify and treat ADHD.

It provides recommendations for the screening and treatment of ADHD within the corrections system. The paper was written by Janet Kramer, Judy Cox, Carol Kuprevish, and Robert Eme with the cooperation of the National Commission of Correctional Health Care (NCCHC).

To learn more about how ADHD affects individuals in the justice system or for more information on what ADDA’s Correctional Health/Justice Committee is doing to change the way ADHD is identified and treated in the correctional setting, visit adhdjustice.add.org.

About ADDA

The Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA) is the world’s leading adult ADHD organization. Our mission is to provide information, resources, and networking opportunities to help adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) lead better lives.

We are an international non-profit organization founded 25 years ago by adult ADHD support group leaders to share information and resources and to provide support for one another.

In the 25 years since its inception, ADDA has grown to become THE source for information and resources exclusively for and about the adult ADHD community.

ADDA+ offers our complete library of resources on ADHD, including webinars, courses, materials, support groups, and more.

Our goal is to generate hope, awareness, empowerment, and connections worldwide in the field of adult ADHD.

ADDA brings together scientific perspectives and the human experience. The information and resources provided to individuals and families affected by ADHD and the professionals who serve them focus on diagnosis, treatments, strategies, and techniques for helping adults with ADHD lead better lives.

If you’re concerned your symptoms might be ADHD-related, take ADDA’s ADHD screening test for adults.

The post Undiagnosed Adult ADHD a High Cost for Society appeared first on ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association.

TITUSVILLE, N.J. (September 18, 2008) – Adults diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) say that having adult ADHD significantly impacts their ability to focus at work, as well as their responsibilities at home and their relationships. These findings were according to a national survey including more than 1,000 adults across the U.S. diagnosed with the condition.

McNeil Pediatrics, Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, sponsored the survey as part of its commitment to the ADHD community’s 2008 National ADHD Awareness Day.

ADHD is thought to affect about nine million adults in the United States, and research on the life span of the condition notes the disorder can impair academic, social and occupational functioning, and is often associated with academic underachievement, conduct problems, underemployment, motor vehicle safety and difficulties with personal relationships.

“Findings from today’s survey underscore the impact ADHD can have for adults who are struggling to cope with and manage this condition at work, at home and in their relationships,” said Dr. Edward Hallowell, a practicing psychiatrist and founder of the Hallowell Center for Cognitive and Emotional Health in Sudbury, Mass. “As a psychiatrist who has treated adults with the condition for more than 25 years, and as an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD at age 31, I know firsthand the importance of working with a healthcare professional to identify strategies that may be effective in controlling ADHD symptoms, such as behavioral modifications and medication.”

The survey findings on adults with ADHD reinforce previous findings from a recent World Health Organization (WHO) report, which concluded ADHD is a relatively common condition among working adults and is associated with impairment and work performance. The WHO survey also found that only a small number of employed adults with ADHD are being treated for the condition, even though

evidence shows medication can be effective in improving ADHD symptoms, and that on average, adult workers with ADHD miss more than three weeks a year in workplace productivity.

Adult ADHD Survey Findings

Conducted by Harris Interactive on behalf of McNeil Pediatrics, key survey findings included a variety of participant perspectives, including:

• Most adults with ADHD agree that having the condition strongly affects their performance in multiple areas of their lives, including:
  • Their responsibilities at home (65 percent)
  • Their relationships with family and friends (57 percent)
  • Their ability to succeed at work (56 percent of those employed)
• Up to half (50 percent) of those employed worry ADHD symptoms affect opportunities for promotion, and the majority feel they have to work harder (65 percent) and/or longer (47 percent) than their co-workers to accomplish similar work.
• Three-quarters of respondents said their ADHD symptoms strongly affect their ability to stay on task at work (75 percent), while others listed challenges such as:
  • Concentrating on what others were saying (70 percent)
  • Wrapping up projects (61 percent)
  • Following through on tasks (61 percent)
  • Sitting still in meetings (60 percent)
  • Organizing projects (59 percent)
• Just as their needs differ, adults with ADHD report divergent goals in managing ADHD symptoms. In selecting their top three goals for managing the condition, half cited being able to finish projects and tasks (51 percent), and getting their household more organized (51 percent). Other top-three goals included:
  • Feeling less irritable and upset (38 percent)
  • Getting personal finances more organized (28 percent)
  • Improving personal relationships (26 percent)
  • Feeling calmer and to feel less need to always be moving (22 percent)
  • Getting along better with others in social situations (20 percent)
• One-third (36 percent) feel their ADHD symptoms are not under control, and many more (58 percent) are not satisfied with their ability to handle stress.
  • Of those whom symptoms are not under control, 54 percent feel like a failure for it.
• One-third (37 percent) get depressed thinking about how hard ADHD is to deal with.

Adults with ADHD who participated in the survey also reported utilizing a variety of techniques to help manage their symptoms. Four out of five have used visual reminders, such as post-it notes, to help manage their ADHD symptoms. Those in the survey also reported:

• Taking prescription medication (82 percent)
• Listening to music (75 percent)
• Using a planner or organizer (71 percent)
• Exercising (69 percent)

Of those adults on medication, four out of five (81 percent) reported that not taking medication negatively impacts their work or home performance. Patients on medication said they are focused primarily on goals of symptom control and improving performance at work (74 percent), at home (69 percent) and in relationships (62 percent).

“I was diagnosed two years ago after I realized that some of the stress I felt from trying to keep up with my career, home and family might be more than stress,” said Natalie Knochenhauer, a former public defender, non-profit executive and founder of the Metro Philadelphia Chapter of Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), and advocacy chair of Pennsylvania CHADD.

“After my diagnosis, I felt like I had extra hours in every day to accomplish what I needed to get done. Because of the clear benefits I have experienced, I work closely with my doctor to manage my condition, which enables me to perform better in all aspects of my life.”

About the Survey

On behalf of McNeil Pediatrics, Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, data for this survey were collected by the Harris Interactive Service Bureau on behalf of Richard Day Research. HISB was responsible for the data collected and RDR was responsible for all survey design, data analysis, and data reporting. Data were collected online between July 28 and August 8. The sample included 1,007 U.S. adults who have been diagnosed with ADHD.

About McNeil Pediatrics

McNeil Pediatrics, Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, is committed to meeting the needs of pediatric medicine through the development of therapies specifically formulated for children. McNeil Pediatrics markets CONCERTA® for the treatment of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD in the United States. McNeil Pediatrics continues to explore other new therapies to meet the needs of children and the pediatric community. McNeil Pediatrics markets the most recently approved treatment for adults with ADHD, CONCERTA® (methylphenidate HCl). Visit www.McNeilPediatrics.net for more information.

About CONCERTA®

CONCERTA® is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as part of a total treatment program that may include counseling or other therapies.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

Talk to your healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Only a healthcare professional can decide whether medication is right for you or your child.

CONCERTA® should not be taken by patients who have: allergies to methylphenidate or other ingredients in CONCERTA®; significant anxiety, tension, or agitation; glaucoma; tics, Tourette’s syndrome, or family history of Tourette’s syndrome; current or past use of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); esophagus, stomach, or intestinal narrowing. Children under six years of age should not take CONCERTA®.

Abuse of methylphenidate may lead to dependence. Tell your healthcare professional if you or your child has had problems with alcohol or drugs; has had any heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of these problems; has had depression, abnormal thoughts or visions, bipolar disorder, or seizure. Contact your healthcare professional immediately if you or your child: develops abnormal thinking or hallucinations, abnormal or extreme moods and/or excessive activity; or if aggressive behavior or hostility develops or worsens while taking CONCERTA®.

Stimulants may impair the ability of the patient to operate potentially hazardous machinery or vehicles. Caution should be used accordingly until you are reasonably certain that CONCERTA® does not adversely affect your ability to engage in such activities.

The most common adverse reaction (> 5%) reported in children and adolescents was upper abdominal pain. The most common adverse reactions (>10%) reported in adults were dry mouth, nausea, decreased appetite, headache, and insomnia.

Visit http://www.concerta.net/concerta/pages/full.jsp for full Prescribing Information.

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